Biocatalytic potential of microorganisms have been employed for centuries to produce bread, wine, vinegar and other common products without understanding the biochemical basis of their ingredients. Microbial enzymes have gained interest for their widespread uses in industries and medicine owing to their stability, catalytic activity, and ease of production and optimization than plant and animal enzymes. The use of enzymes in various industries (e.g., food, agriculture, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals) is increasing rapidly due to reduced processing time, low energy input, cost effectiveness, nontoxic and eco-friendly characteristics. Microbial enzymes are capable of degrading toxic chemical compounds of industrial and domestic wastes (phenolic compounds, nitriles, amines etc.) either via degradation or conversion. Here in this review, we highlight and discuss current technical and scientific involvement of microorganisms in enzyme production and their present status in worldwide enzyme market.

/pdf/microbial-enzymes-industrial-progress-in-21st-century-452o5s7dqu.pdf

Microbial enzymes: industrial progress in 21st century

https://faculty.washington.edu/stevehar/Cherubini%20LGA.pdf

Life cycle assessment of bioenergy systems: state of the art and future challenges.

Industrial applications of enzyme biocatalysis: Current status and future aspects.

Key issues in life cycle assessment of ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass: challenges and perspectives.

Environmental assessment of enzyme use in industrial production-a literature review

A comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment was conducted on bio-ethanol produced using a new process that converts cellulosic biomass by enzymatic hydrolysis. Options for sourcing the feedstock either from agricultural and wood waste, or, if the demand for bio-ethanol is sufficient, from cultivation are examined. The main focus of the analysis was to determine its potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in a 10% blend of this bio-ethanol with gasoline (E10) as a transportation fuel. SimaPro 4.0 was used as the analysis tool, which allowed a range of other environmental impacts also to be examined to assess the overall relative performance to gasoline alone. All impacts were assigned to the fuel because of uncertainties in markets for the by-products. This LCA therefore represents a worst case scenario. It is shown that E10 gives an improved environmental performance in some impact categories, including greenhouse gas emissions, but has inferior performances in others. Whether the potential benefits of the bio-ethanol blend to reduce greenhouse gas emissions will be realized is shown to be particularly sensitive to the source of energy used to produce the process steam required to break down the cellulose to produce sugars and to distil the final product. One key area where improvements in environmental performance might be derived is in enzyme production. The LCA profile helps to highlight those areas where positive and negative environmental impacts can be expected. Technological innovation can be directed accordingly to preserve the benefits while minimizing the negative impacts as development progresses to commercial scales.

Life Cycle assessment of bio-ethanol derived from cellulose

Goal and Background
The LCA methodology is used to compare the potential environmental benefits of an emerging biotechnology, enzyme-bleaching, with those of elemental chlorine free (ECF) bleaching, an existing technology that is widely used in paper making. Through the use of biodegradable enzymes to supplement, or eventually to replace, chemicals in the bleaching process to extract lignin, enzyme bleaching processes are aimed to reduce the use of chlorine based bleaching chemicals and to achieve cost savings by circumventing investment into oxygen delignification or ozone bleaching technology.

Preliminary Assessment of the Environmental Benefits of Enzyme Bleaching for Pulp and Paper Making (7 pp)

A dynamic systems modelling approach is examined for its suitability for assessing sustainable performance in technological innovation A computer model of the energy needs in the Canadian road transportation sector was developed to study the sustainable performance of bio-ethanol It considers the potential increase in the consumption of energy as the economy expands in the next 25 years, taking into account demographic trends, consumer choices, and technological advances While the primary environmental measure tracked is focused on greenhouse gas emissions with respect to the Kyoto target, it also includes considerations for land use and farming practices, and distinguishes between fossil and bio-carbon emissions As well, it allows for different sources of biomass, including crop byproducts and dedicated crops Various scenarios for bio-ethanol to penetrate the consumer market were set up to investigate a range of future evolution paths

Sustainability Assessment Using Dynamic Systems Modelling

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Life Cycle assessment of bio-ethanol derived from cellulose

Preliminary Assessment of the Environmental Benefits of Enzyme Bleaching for Pulp and Paper Making (7 pp)

Sustainability Assessment Using Dynamic Systems Modelling