— The chemistry of transition metal colloids (J. S. Bradley) It was not intended to describe the cluster beam technique together with the generation and the properties of naked clusters. The present book is remarkable for various reasons. The editor has succeeded in bringing the contribution of various authors in a homogeneous form which is important for the reader. Günter Schmid considered the interdisciplinary character of cluster science, summarizing contributions from chemists, physicists and material scientists. The synthesis, physical and chemical properties, and first applications, as well as the structure of these nano-sized particles are treated. The editor recommends the book to scientists, working in research as well as in practice, who wish to gain a fundamental insight into one or more areas of \"the world of small metal particles\". I wish to extend these recommendations especially to young scientists with respect to the \"Perspectives\" of this field (cf. the last small chapter 7 [G. Schmid]); a plenty of prospecting aspects represents here such a lot of innovation that the future of cluster and colloid science can be viewed with great optimism. I wish this valuable and interesting book, inspite of the price, a broad spread.

Introduction to Modern Colloid Science

Metal-based nanoenergetic materials: Synthesis, properties, and applications

Recyclable metal fuels for clean and compact zero-carbon power

Metal-water combustion for clean propulsion and power generation

Experimental study on the combined damage of liquid cabin structure subjected to charge explosion with preset fragments

Two time-frequency analysis methods based on the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) were used to determine time-resolved detonation velocities with microwave interferometry (MI) The results were directly compared to well-established analysis techniques consisting of a peak-picking routine as well as a phase unwrapping method (ie, quadrature analysis) The comparison is conducted on experimental data consisting of transient detonation phenomena observed in triaminotrinitrobenzene and ammonium nitrate-urea explosives, representing high and low quality MI signals, respectively Time-frequency analysis proved much more capable of extracting useful and highly resolved velocity information from low quality signals than the phase unwrapping and peak-picking methods Additionally, control of the time-frequency methods is mainly constrained to a single parameter which allows for a highly unbiased analysis method to extract velocity information In contrast, the phase unwrapping technique introduces user based variability while the peak-picking technique does not achieve a highly resolved velocity result Both STFT and CWT methods are proposed as improved additions to the analysis methods applied to MI detonation experiments, and may be useful in similar applications

/pdf/using-time-frequency-analysis-to-determine-time-resolved-40jbp9fpp2.pdf

Using time-frequency analysis to determine time-resolved detonation velocity with microwave interferometry.

Small scale characterization experiments using only 1–5 g of a baseline ammonium nitrate plus fuel oil (ANFO) explosive are discussed and simulated using an ignition and growth reactive flow model. There exists a strong need for the small scale characterization of non-ideal explosives in order to adequately survey the wide parameter space in sample composition, density, and microstructure of these materials. However, it is largely unknown in the scientific community whether any useful or meaningful result may be obtained from detonation failure, and whether a minimum sample size or level of confinement exists for the experiments. In this work, it is shown that the parameters of an ignition and growth rate law may be calibrated using the small scale data, which is obtained from a 35 GHz microwave interferometer. Calibration is feasible when the samples are heavily confined and overdriven; this conclusion is supported with detailed simulation output, including pressure and reaction contours inside the ANFO ...

/pdf/reactive-flow-modeling-of-small-scale-detonation-failure-3kfv4947al.pdf

Reactive flow modeling of small scale detonation failure experiments for a baseline non-ideal explosive

Over the past few years, the combustion of nano-aluminum/water (nAl/H2O) propellants has been widely reported, but further progress has been slowed for the following reason: the loosely correlated trends in combustion data are insufficient in guiding further research efforts, and they cannot be used to significantly improve the Isp observed in static rocket motor tests It was previously found that different mixing techniques (hand, planetary and resonant mixers, duration and temperature), or equivalence ratio gave rise to different burning rates, but the influence of pH and rheology on nAl/H2O propellants was not considered We find that the effects of pH on nAl/H2O propellants are profound, and correlate well with viscosity, low pressure deflagration limits, burning rate exponents, and rocket motor performance Our findings suggest that coagulation can influence the pressure exponent over a wide range of values (034–068) For particle diameters <1 µm, dispersion during mixing is affected more by elect

Dependence of Nano-Aluminum and Water Propellant Combustion on pH and Rheology

Nanoscale aluminum and water has been used as a stepping stone towards in-situ rocket propellants and as a testbed for nanoenergetic composite propellants. A baseline formulation of nanoscale aluminum and water was developed and demonstrated with a sounding rocket flight in 2009. Performance of the propellant was not optimized, hence a reformulation was sought with an emphasis on improved safety and more efficient combustion. The chosen reformulation is a bimodal powder distribution of 70 wt.% Novacentrix 80 nm Al and 30 wt.% Valimet 2 µm Al at an equivalence ratio of 0.813 (optimized for sea level Isp). The mixture also includes 3 wt.% ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, to inhibit the slow reaction of nanoaluminum with water, and 1 wt.% polyacrylamide to improve material suspension. Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate can protect nanoaluminum in solution for several hours, but degradation can occur while mixing, and pH increases from slightly acidic to basic with increased mixing time and temperature. The stress of mixing might be removing the coating and exposing nanoaluminum to water. It is also shown that nanoaluminum reacts faster in basic aqueous solutions than in solutions with neutral pH. Static motor tests reveal that propellant formulations with neutral pH provide better performance. Implementations of shorter mixing times and reduced temperatures are used to control the pH of the propellant, resulting in increased Isp values of as much as 30%.

Further Development of an Aluminum and Water Solid Rocket Propellant

An explosion yielding a blast wave can cause catastrophic damage to a building and its personnel. This threat defines an immediate importance for understanding blast mitigation techniques via readily available materials. An unconfined mass of water in the form of a free flowing sheet is one possible readily available mitigant. This chapter focuses narrowly on the protection of high-valued structures and other large targets where removal from the threat zone is often impossible. In these situations, methods are needed to dissipate and reflect incoming blast waves and mitigate damage potential. Any proposed mitigation method must be evaluated for effectiveness, and while steady advances in computational physics have been made in this area, experimentation remains crucial. Therefore, this chapter emphasizes experimental methods for evaluation of blast mitigation, both from a practical and fundamental standpoint. In addition, some of the capabilities of current computational methods are highlighted. The chapter begins with a review of the underlying physics. This is followed by a brief overview of experimental methods. Finally, the remainder of the chapter is dedicated to recent experimental and computational results for a potential configuration involving protective water sheets.

Experimental Investigation of Blast Mitigation for Target Protection

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