The soybean crop is one of the most important crops worldwide. Soybean seeds are important for both protein meal and vegetable oil. The crop is grown on an estimated 6% of the world’s arable land, and since the 1970s, the area in soybean production has the highest percentage increase compared to any other major crop. Recent increases in production coincide with increases in demand for meal and oil. Soybean production was 17 million metric tons (MMT) in 1960 and increased to 230 MMT in 2008. Future soybean production is expected to increase more than other crops, due to expanded production area and higher yields. There are a number of important abiotic and biotic constraints that threaten soybean production by directly reducing seed yields and/or seed quality. Abiotic constraints include extremes in nutrients, temperatures and moisture. These may reduce production directly, but also indirectly through increases in pathogens and pests. Biotic constraints tend to be geographically and environmentally restricted. Some diseases like soybean rust may be explosive by producing copious amounts of air-borne spores. This disease, more so than most, caused great concern when first found invading soybean production areas in Brazil and the United States of America. In contrast, red leaf blotch is a disease restricted to a few countries in Africa, but deserving attention since it has not been intensely studied and adequate management strategies, such as the use of resistant varieties, are not available. Significant losses in soybean yield beyond current levels may have implications for food security because of our dependence on the soybean crop, directly and indirectly for food products. In addition, because the crop is highly nutritious and versatile it offers resources to address world food issues through current and future utilization practices. Future soybean production is expected to increase in proportion to increased demand, and with application of newer genomic technologies, the crop has enormous potential to improve dietary quality for people throughout the world whether consumed as a vegetable crop or processed into various soybean food products.

/pdf/crops-that-feed-the-world-2-soybean-worldwide-production-use-30d8sju0yp.pdf

Crops that feed the World 2. Soybean—worldwide production, use, and constraints caused by pathogens and pests

The invention provides specific transgenic soybean plants, plant material and seeds, characterized in that these products harbor a specific herbicide tolerance transformation event at a specific location in the soybean genome. Tools are also provided which allow rapid and unequivocal identification of the event in biological samples.

Elite Event EE-GM3 and Methods and Kits for Identifying Such Event in Biological Samples

The invention provides specific transgenic soybean plants, plant material and seeds, characterized in that these products harbor a stack of specific transformation events at specific locations in the soybean genome. Tools are also provided which allow rapid and unequivocal identification of these events in biological samples.

Herbicide tolerant soybean plants and methods for identifying same

In response to rising input costs and narrowing profit margins, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] producers are continually looking for ways to increase soybean yield. One approach being promoted is the use of foliar fungicides, for both foliar pathogen control and nonfungicidal plant physiological effects. The objective of this field experiment was to evaluate a strobilurin and a triazole alone or in combination on soybean in the absence of foliar diseases to determine the potential effect on soybean growth and yield. The experiment was conducted in Iowa at one location in 2005 and two locations in 2006 with four soybean cultivars. Triazole (tebuconazole), a curative fungicide and strobilurin (pyraclostrobin), a preventative fungicide, were applied alone and in combination at growth stages R1, R3, and R5. Low levels of foliar diseases were observed. Seed yield for the control treatment averaged 4308 kg ha -1 across all sites. Foliar fungicides did not affect soybean seed yield. Few differences were observed among the treatments in soybean growth and yield components. Total biomass was 10% greater with the pyraclostrobin applied at R3 compared with the control, and was a result of increased stem weight. In this study, fungicides applied in the absence of foliar disease did not produce nonfungicidal physiological effect or associated yield improvement. It was concluded that environmental conditions and assessment of disease levels should be used as a guide for foliar fungicide application on soybean.

Effect of Fungicide on Soybean Growth and Yield

Phytoparasitic nematodes use multiple tactics to influence phytohormone physiology and alter plant developmental programs to establish feeding sites.

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8602877/file/8629576.pdf

Phytoparasitic Nematode Control of Plant Hormone Pathways.

Evaluation of Soybean, Dry Bean, and Sunflower for Resistance to

Ethylene controls many beneficial responses in plants but also promotes chlorosis, senescence, disease, and fruit over-ripening. The present study compared previously isolated ethylene-insensitive lines of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to their isogenic, ethylenesensitive parent with respect to disease resistance, seed yield, and other field performance traits. In laboratory tests, ethylene insensitivity reduced root colonization by soybean cyst nematode. Using healthy young plants, ethylene-insensitivity also reduced ethylene-activated leaf chlorosis and abscission. However, in the field, leaf chlorophyll and late-season senescence were not altered, suggesting that ethylene is not a main determinant of late-season senescence of soybean leaves. Field studies also revealed no changes in susceptibility to Septoria brown spot disease (caused by Septoria glycines Hemmi), flowering date, plant height, or seed total protein and oil concentration. Field studies did demonstrate elevated susceptibility to white mold disease [Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) deBary], poor stand establishment in some but not all environments, altered plant architecture, and earlier maturity date in the ethylene-insensitive lines. Seed yield was notably undependable, being similar to the parental line in some field locations but significantly reduced in most environments. To avoid these negative impacts on overall performance, manipulation of plant ethylene responses should be targeted to specific tissues, growth stages, or growth environments.

Disease- and Performance-Related Traits of Ethylene-Insensitive Soybean

AxN-1-55 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (Reg. no. GP315, PI 640911) was developed by the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station at the University of Illinois and the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station at Michigan State University. AxN-1-55 was released in 2005 as a mid group II maturity germplasm line for use as a parent because of its high level of resistance to Sclerotinia stem rot [caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary]. AxN-1-55 originated as an F4 plant selection from a cross between the Sclerotinia stem rot partially resistant cultivars Asgrow A2506 and Syngenta (formerly Novartis) S19–90. S19– 90 was selected from a cross between Pride ‘B152’ and ‘Pella’ (Bahrenfus and Fehr, 1980). The pedigree of B152 is Northrup King ‘S1346’ (6) 3 ‘Mack’ and the pedigree of S1346 is A55– 4629–4 3 PI 257435 (Caviness et al., 1972). A55–4629–4 was selected from the cross ‘Roanoke’ 3 ‘Hawkeye’ (Weiss, 1953). A2506 was selected from a cross between Northrup King ‘S14– 60’ and Asgrow ‘A3501’. The parents of A3501 were Asgrow ‘A3127’ and ‘Williams 82’ and the parents ofA3127 are ‘Williams’ and ‘Essex’ (Bernard andCremeens, 1988; Bernard and Lindahl, 1972; Smith and Camper, 1973). The pedigree of S14–60 is Northrup King ‘S14–92’3 ‘Hodgson’ and the parents of S14–92 are ‘Corsoy’ and ‘Wayne’ (Lambert and Kennedy, 1975; Weber and Fehr, 1970; Bernard, 1966). The cross between A2506 and S19–90 was made in East Lansing, MI, and a population was advanced to the F4 generation through single-seed descent (Brim, 1966). F4–derived lines were formed and tested for partial resistance to Sclerotinia stem rot and agronomic traits. AxN-1-55 was selected from the population of lines based on its resistance to Sclerotinia stem rot and good agronomic performance from 1997 to 2004 in cooperative Sclerotinia stem rot tests across the north central region of the USA. Across 11 environments of these tests that had sufficient Sclerotinia stem rot to rate plant responses in the field, AxN-1-55 was significantly (P , 0.05) less diseased than S19–90 or A2506. Sclerotinia stem rot infections were rated in these tests by individually scoring plants and calculating a disease severity index (DSI) for each plot (Grau et al., 1982). The DSI across environments was 17.7 for AxN-1-55, 29.3 for Syngenta S19– 90, and 34.7 for A2506. S19–90 is recognized by soybean researchers as a partially resistant check that when challenged with S. sclerotiorum, typically shows a high level of resistance (Kim et al., 1999, 2000; Vuong et al., 2004). AxN-1-55 was tested for yield and other agronomic traits across 19 environments of the cooperative tests. Seven of these environments are included in the 11 that were rated for Sclerotinia stem rot resistance, whereas little or no Sclerotinia stem rot was present at the 12 other locations. Across the 19 environments, AxN-1-55 yielded 2886 kg ha compared to 2928 kg ha for S19–90 and 3033 kg ha for A2506. These differences were not significant at a 5 0.05. The maturity of AxN-1-55 was 2 d later than S19–90 and 4 d earlier than A2506. AxN-1-55 was 4 cm taller than S19–90 and 3 cm taller than A2506, and the lodging for AxN-1-55 was 0.1 unit (on a 1to-5 scale) less than S19–90 and 0.2 less than A2506. Compared to ‘Loda’ across 15 of the 19 environments, AxN-1-55 yielded 147 kg ha less, matured 6 d earlier, was 9 cm taller, and had 0.3 units less lodging (Nickell et al., 2001). Previous research has shown that canopy architecture can influence Sclerotinia stem rot infection rates in field tests. It is often observed that early maturing genotypes with a short, upright, and nonbushy growth habit escape the disease because their canopies are too dry for disease development (Kim and Diers, 2000). The agronomic characteristics of AxN-1-55, together with field observations of canopy structure, indicate that its low disease ratings are not due to plant escape, but rather the successful combination of physiological resistance genes from its two parents. AxN-1-55 is an indeterminate line with purple flowers, tawny pubescence, brown pod color at maturity, and yellow seeds. The line segregates for both black and gray hila. Seed of AxN-1-55 will be maintained by the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station at the University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801.A small sample ofAxN-1-55may be obtained from the experiment station for research purposes, including development and commercialization of new cultivars, for at least 5 yr. It is requested that appropriate recognition be made if AxN-1-55 contributes to the development of new cultivars, germplasm, parental lines, or genetic stocks. No application will be made for U.S. Plant Variety Protection for AxN-1-55.

Registration of AxN-1-55 soybean germplasm with partial resistance to Sclerotinia stem rot

Variation Among Alfalfa Cultivars for Indices of Nitrogen Fixation1

The present invention is in the field of soybean variety S06-CL959411 breeding and development. The present invention particularly relates to the soybean variety S06-CL959411 and its progeny, and methods of making S06-CL959411.

Soybean cultivar S06-CL959411

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