User Centered Design

Despite the growing consensus that stakeholders affected by AI systems should participate in their design, enormous variation and implicit disagreements exist among current approaches. For researchers and practitioners who are interested in taking a participatory approach to AI design and development, it remains challenging to assess the extent to which any participatory approach grants substantive agency to stakeholders. This article thus aims to ground what we dub the “participatory turn” in AI design by synthesizing existing theoretical literature on participation and through empirical investigation and critique of its current practices. Specifically, we derive a conceptual framework through synthesis of literature across technology design, political theory, and the social sciences that researchers and practitioners can leverage to evaluate approaches to participation in AI design. Additionally, we articulate empirical findings concerning the current state of participatory practice in AI design based on an analysis of recently published research and semi-structured interviews with 12 AI researchers and practitioners. We use these empirical findings to understand the current state of participatory practice and subsequently provide guidance to better align participatory goals and methods in a way that accounts for practical constraints. 

The Participatory Turn in AI Design: Theoretical Foundations and the Current State of Practice

Fusion paradigms in cognitive technical systems for human-computer interaction

Human beings continuously adapt their way of communication to their surroundings and their communication partner. Although context-aware ubiquitous systems gather a lot of information to maximize their functionality, they predominantly use static ways to communicate. In order to fulfill the user's communication needs and demands, the sensor's diverse and sometimes uncertain information must also be used to dynamically adapt the user interface. In this article we present ProFi, a system for Probabilistic Fission, designed to reason on adaptive and multimodal output based on uncertain or ambiguous data. In addition, we present a system architecture as well as a new meta model for multimodal interactive systems. Based on this meta model we describe ProFi's process of multimodal fission along with our current implementation.

Adaptive probabilistic fission for multimodal systems

Abstract It has been argued that human-centred security design needs to accommodate the considerations of three dimensions: (1) security, (2) usability and (3) accessibility. The latter has not yet received much attention. Now that governments and health services are increasingly requiring their citizens/patients to use online services, the need for accessible security and privacy has become far more pressing. The reality is that, for many, security measures are often exasperatingly inaccessible. Regardless of the outcome of the debate about the social acceptability of compelling people to access public services online, we still need to design accessibility into these systems, or risk excluding and marginalising swathes of the population who cannot use these systems in the same way as abled users. These users are particularly vulnerable to attack and online deception not only because security and privacy controls are inaccessible but also because they often struggle with depleted resources and capabilities together with less social, economic and political resilience. This conceptual paper contemplates the accessible dimension of human-centred security and its impact on the inclusivity of security technologies. We scope the range of vulnerabilities that can result from a lack of accessibility in security solutions and contemplate the nuances and complex challenges inherent in making security accessible. We conclude by suggesting a number of avenues for future work in this space. 

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Accessible and Inclusive Cyber Security: A Nuanced and Complex Challenge

Multimodal adaptive systems have typically been resource consuming systems, due to the requirements of processing recognition based modalities, and computing and applying adaptations based on users and context properties. In this chapter, we describe how we were able to design and implement an adaptive multimodal system, capable of performing in a resource constrained environment such as a Set-top Box. The presented approach endows standard non-adaptive, non-multimodal applications with adaptive multimodal capabilities, with limited extra effort demanded of their developers. Our approach has been deployed for Web applications, although it is applicable to other application environments. This chapter details the application interface interpretation, multimodal fusion and multimodal fission components of our framework.

Building an Adaptive Multimodal Framework for Resource Constrained Systems

While mobile devices have experienced important accessibility advances in the past years, people with visual impairments still face important barriers, especially in specific contexts when both their hands are not free to hold the mobile device, like when walking outside. By resorting to a multimodal combination of body based gestures and voice, we aim to achieve full hands and vision free interaction with mobile devices. In this paper, we describe this vision and present the design of a prototype, inspired by that vision, of a text messaging application. The paper also presents a user study where the suitability of the proposed approach was assessed, and a performance comparison between our prototype and existing SMS applications was conducted. Study participants received positively the prototype, which also supported better performance in tasks that involved text editing.

/pdf/designing-multimodal-mobile-interaction-for-a-text-messaging-2w4yy6nbhn.pdf

Designing Multimodal Mobile Interaction for a Text Messaging Application for Visually Impaired Users

The design of multimodal adaptive applications should be strongly supported by a user centred methodology. This paper presents an analysis of the results of user trials conducted with a prototype of a multimodal system in order to elicit requirements for multimodal interaction and adaptation mechanisms that are being developed in order to design a framework to support the development of accessible ICT applications. Factors related to visual and audio perception, and motor skills are considered, as well as multimodal integration patterns.

/pdf/eliciting-interaction-requirements-for-adaptive-multimodal-3svqpd1ihw.pdf

Eliciting interaction requirements for adaptive multimodal TV based applications

This thesis addresses the suitability of body interaction techniques, when used by persons with different levels of visual impairment, to improve the accessibility of mobile devices. The research will focus on: understanding how on-body interaction can surpass the current accessibility levels of mobile devices, characterizing the different complexities of skin mapping for different levels of visual impairment, perceiving for what types of input tasks it is best suited, and studying how it can complement other input modalities. Results will include an on-body interaction model, and several prototypes and studies characterizing body interaction.

On-Body Interaction for Optimized Accessibility

Innovative Accessible Interfaces

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