Background: The recent notifications of autochthonous cases of dengue and chikungunya in Europe prove that the region is vulnerable to these diseases in areas where known mosquito vectors (Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti) are present. Strengthening surveillance of these species as well as other invasive container-breeding aedine mosquito species such as Aedes atropalpus, Aedes japonicus, Aedes koreicus and Aedes triseriatus is therefore required. In order to support and harmonize surveillance activities in Europe, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) launched the production of ‘Guidelines for the surveillance of invasive mosquitoes in Europe’ .T his article describes these guidelines in the context of the key issues surrounding invasive mosquitoes surveillance in Europe. Methods: Based on an open call for tender, ECDC granted a pan-European expert team to write the guidelines draft. It content is founded on published and grey literature, contractor’s expert knowledge, as well as appropriate field missions. Entomologists, public health experts and end users from 17 EU/EEA and neighbouring countries contributed to a reviewing and validation process. The final version of the guidelines was edited by ECDC (Additional file 1). Results: The guidelines describe all procedures to be applied for the surveillance of invasive mosquito species. The first part addresses strategic issues and options to be taken by the stakeholders for the decision-making process, according to the aim and scope of surveillance, its organisation and management. As the strategy to be developed needs to be adapted to the local situation, three likely scenarios are proposed. The second part addresses all operational issues and suggests options for the activities to be implemented, i.e. key procedures for field surveillance of invasive mosquito species, methods of identification of these mosquitoes, key and optional procedures for field collection of population parameters, pathogen screening, and environmental parameters. In addition, methods for data management and analysis are recommended, as well as strategies for data dissemination and mapping. Finally, the third part provides information and support for cost estimates of the planned programmes and for the evaluation of the applied surveillance process. Conclusion: The ‘Guidelines for the surveillance of invasive mosquitoes in Europe’ aim at supporting the implementation of tailored surveillance of invasive mosquito species of public health importance. They are intended to provide support to professionals involved in mosquito surveillance or control, decision/policy makers, stakeholders in public health and non-experts in mosquito surveillance. Surveillance also aims to support control of mosquito-borne diseases, including integrated vector control, and the guidelines are therefore part of a tool set for managing mosquito-borne disease risk in Europe.

/pdf/development-of-guidelines-for-the-surveillance-of-invasive-nmo29mypct.pdf

Development of guidelines for the surveillance of invasive mosquitoes in Europe

Irradiation doses currently applied to sterilize Mexican fruit flies, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae), for release under the sterile insect technique eradication campaign in Mexico, were reviewed in an effort to increase sterile male performance in the field. A dose maximizing sterility induction into wild populations was sought by balancing somatic fitness with genetic sterility. Doses of 40, 60, and 80 Gy induced 95% or more sterility in all males, which in turn induced similar degrees of sterility into a cohort of wild flies in the laboratory. However, a low dose of 40 Gy was sufficient to completely suppress egg production in females. Similarly, a mild carryover of genetic damage might have been transferred to the F1 progeny of males irradiated at 40 Gy crossed with fertile wild females. Our results suggest that the 80-Gy dose currently applied in Mexico can be lowered substantially without jeopardizing program goals. This view could be strengthened by comparing performance of males irradiated at different doses under more natural settings. In general, we discuss the value of determining irradiation doses for pest species where females are more radiosensitive than males, by selecting the dose that causes 100% sterility in females.

https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-Economic-Entomology/volume-97/issue-2/0022-0493-97.2.383/Irradiation-of-Anastrepha-obliqua-Diptera--Tephritidae-Revisited--Optimizing/10.1603/0022-0493-97.2.383.pdf

Irradiation of Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) Revisited: Optimizing Sterility Induction

I offer a critical assessment of fruit fly research in Latin America based on the notion that many myths and misconceptions are forced upon students and young scientists or government officials. I argue that after an enlightening beginning of the century, during which many significant discoveries were made about the natural history of these insects, little progress has been observed in many areas of fruit fly research and management in Latin America during the past 50 years. This has been caused in part by the reductionist, single-species or pest-only approaches followed in the study of these marvelous insects, as well as by the scarcity of studies under natural conditions. To break this vicious cycle, I propose that we pay more attention to the natural history of non-pest and pest species, broaden the scope and widen the time scale of our studies, strengthen the theoretical and ecological underpinnings of fruit fly research in Latin America and foster the comparative approach whenever possible. I present several fruit fly myths (e.g., the status of certain fruits as fruit fly hosts and certain species as pests), review the status of knowledge in most areas of fruit fly research in Latin America, and discuss some possibilities for future studies. I conclude by proposing that on the threshold of the new millennium, the time seems appropriate to follow those early pioneers and once again push forward our understanding of fruit fly biology, ecology and behavior. To achieve this, we need to generate new paradigms and foster creative thinking among our students.

https://www.scielo.br/pdf/aseb/v28n4/v28n4a01.pdf

Fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) research in Latin America: myths, realities and dreams

Fopius arisanus (Hym., Braconidae) is an egg-pupal parasitoid of tephritid fruit flies. Since its introduction to Hawaii in the late 1940s, it has caused substantial reduction of fruit fly populations. Rearing methodology developed by the US Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) in Hawaii in the 1990s allowed an increasing number of studies of the biology and behaviour of this parasitoid. Simultaneously, the parasitoid has been introduced to various parts of the world for classical biological control purposes. This paper reviews studies conducted on F. arisanus during the last 70 years. In order to create a bibliographical tool for future research, we have synthesized published data on the taxonomy, geographical distribution, reproductive biology and behaviour, and foraging behaviour of this parasitoid. The use of F. arisanus in future biological control programmes is also discussed. (Resume d'auteur)

Fopius arisanus, an egg-pupal parasitoid of Tephritidae. Overview.

Reproductive opportunities in insects that deposit their eggs in discrete resource patches are frequently limited because the availability of oviposition substrates is often spatially and temporally restricted. Such environmental variability leads individuals to confront time- or egg-limitation constraints. Additionally, species with different oviposition strategies (i.e. single egg layers vs clutch layers) commonly deal with different structural and ecological characteristics of larval host plants. To test the hypothesis that oviposition strategies such as laying eggs singly or in batches (clutches) are related to these constraints (i.e. egg vs time limitation), we compared the lifetime oviposition patterns of two closely related sympatric species of Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) with different oviposition strategies. We exposed five cohorts of A. obliqua and A. ludens females, over the course of their adult lifetimes, to three conditions of “habitat quality” (measured as host density per cage): unpredictable habitat quality (host density varied randomly from day to day between 1, 5, 15, 30 and 60 hosts/cage), low habitat quality (fixed density of one host/cage) and high habitat quality (fixed density of 60 hosts/cage). Responses to host density conditions were strikingly different in the two species. (1) Frequency of host visits and oviposition events increased in A. obliqua but not in A. ludens when host densities increased. (2) Anastrepha ludens females accepted low quality hosts (i.e. fruits on which eggs had already been laid and were therefore partially covered with host marking pheromone) significantly more often than A. obliqua females did. (3) Females of A. obliqua adjusted their oviposition activity to variations in host density, whereas A. ludens females exhibited a constant oviposition pattern (i.e. did not respond to variations in host density). Based on the above, it is likely that in A. obliqua oviposition is governed by egg-limitation and in A. ludens by time-limitation constraints. We discuss the relationship between the oviposition strategies of each fly species and the fruiting phenology and density of their native host plants. We also address the possible influence of oogenesis modality and parasitism by braconid wasps in shaping oviposition behaviour in these insects.

Behavioural plasticity in relation to egg and time limitation: the case of two fly species in the genus Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Demographic parameters for Anastrepha ludens (Loew), A. obliqua (Macquart), and A. serpentina (Wiedeman). reared on two artificial diets and several natural hosts are reported. These include preadult survival and development rates, adult survival and fecundity and population parameters such as the intrinsic rate of increase, mean generation time and stable age distribution. All three species displayed similar life history patterns. Egg development required approximately three days, larval development 8-13 days, and pupation 13-17 days. The number of eggs per female (gross fecundity rate) ranged from 84 to 102. A. serpentina, compared with the other two species, displayed much higher survival in the first two weeks of adult life. This led to a higher net reproductive rate despite a lower gross fecundity relative to the other two species. The three species described here have different demographic characteristics compared to those of the ecologically similar tephritids Ceratitis capitata and Dacus spp.

Demography of Anastrepha ludens, A. Obliqua and A. Serpentina (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Mexico.

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Demography of Anastrepha ludens, A. Obliqua and A. Serpentina (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Mexico.