The features of 13 dogs with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are described. Canine SLE is a multisystemic disease characterized by autoimmunity and immune complex hypersensitivity. The presence of antinuclear antibody in the blood is an important diagnostic feature. All 13 cases had a non-erosive symmetrical polyarthritis. Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia was seen in five cases, thrombocytopenia in three, skin lesions in four; neurological involvement in one; and gastrointestinal signs in one. Treatment was with cytotoxic drugs(cyclophosphamide initially) and prednisolone.

Immune-based non-erosive inflammatory joint disease of the dog. 1. Canine systemic lupus erythematosus

Signs related to spinal pain are commonly reported in dogs with noninfectious, nonerosive, idiopathic immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA). This study examined the prevalence and etiology of spinal pain in these dogs through a retrospective review of 62 case records of dogs with IMPA. All dogs with IMPA and signs suggestive of spinal pain were described with regard to age, gender, breed, physical stature, location of vertebral pain, rectal temperature, and clinical laboratory findings. The prevalence of spinal pain in these dogs was 29% (18 of 62). Fourteen of the 18 dogs with spinal pain and IMPA were male. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 11 dogs with signs of spinal pain was analyzed. Five of these (46%) had concurrent steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA). We concluded that SRMA does occur concurrently in some dogs having IMPA. Meningeal involvement may explain the origin of spinal pain observed in some of these dogs.

Steroid‐Responsive Meningitis‐Arteritis in Dogs with Noninfectious, Nonerosive, Idiopathic, Immune‐Mediated Polyarthritis

Records from 101 dogs presented for investigation of unexplained pyrexia were reviewed. The most common diagnosis was immune-mediated disease (22 per cent of cases), with immune-mediated polyarthritis accounting for 20 per cent of all diagnoses. The frequency of positive results obtained in investigative tests was also assessed. Cytological and radiological examinations provided a high diagnostic success rate, although routine haematology and plasma biochemistry were also useful screening tests. On the basis of these results it is suggested that, in the investigation of unexplained pyrexia, a diagnosis of immune-mediated polyarthritis should be excluded before less common diagnoses are considered.

Diagnostic investigations in 101 dogs with pyrexia of unknown origin

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a model canine autoimmune disease that is thyroiditis. Thyroiditis is representative of a large number of autoimmune diseases in which immunological surveillance falters so that self and nonself become confused and the body attacks itself. In human medicine, autoimmunity is the cause of most common endocrine disorders. This appears to be true for dogs as well. A significant measure of the diagnostic ambiguity about canine hypothyroidism stems from our ignorance of the fundamental causes and contributing mechanisms underlying the autoimmune responses of dogs. The development of autoimmune disease generally involves a multistep process: an initiating event produces nonspecific trauma or inflammation that triggers a secondary immune reaction in a genetically predisposed individual. The endocrine gland is progressively destroyed by the autoimmune attack, and as the hormone titers change, clinical symptoms appear. The chapter reviews thyroiditis as a model for research on the general features of canine autoimmunity. One aim is to screen for canine alleles of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) like those that have been associated with autoimmune disease in people.

Thyroiditis--a model canine autoimmune disease

Objectives: To analyse the demographic information of dogs referred for investigation of fever, to determine the usefulness of various diagnostic investigations and to assess the effect of treatment before referral on the presence of fever at referral, the duration of the investigation and the ability to reach a final diagnosis.



Methods: The clinical records of 66 dogs, in which fever was part of the clinical signs documented by the referring veterinary surgeon, were reviewed. The effects of treatment 24 hours before referral on temperature at initial consultation and on time to diagnosis were evaluated. The effect of body temperature at initial consultation on cost and on time to diagnosis was also determined. The effect of insurance on costs incurred was assessed. The utility of different diagnostic investigations was recorded, and cases were classified according to the final diagnosis.



Results: Only 34·8 per cent of dogs were diagnosed with immune-mediated disease, with most frequent diagnoses being steroid-responsive meningitis and polyarthritis. Treatment 24 hours before referral significantly increased the time to diagnosis (P=0·004) and affected the presence of fever at referral (P=0·006). Insurance status did not significantly affect cost incurred by the owner.



Clinical Significance: This study documents a high incidence of immune-mediated disease in dogs referred for investigation of fever. It also documents a higher incidence of inflammatory central nervous system disease in febrile dogs than that reported previously. Of the diagnostic modalities employed in the majority of cases, radiography, cytology and bacteriological and fungal cultures (fluids/tissues) were the most useful. It is suggested that treatment is withdrawn or withheld before commencing diagnostic investigation of fever.

Retrospective study of fever in dogs: laboratory testing, diagnoses and influence of prior treatment.

IT was early in the 1900s that a German microbiologist, Paul Ehrlich, introduced the concept of 'horror autotoxicus' to express the underlying biological principle that an animal generally does not respond to the chemical groupings in its own body. Ehrlich speculated that if it did, the body's immune system would injure its own tissues, causing autoimmune disease. It is now known that autoimmunity is a primary cause or a secondary contributor in many well recognised diseases. Autoimmune disease is characterised by the presence in the blood and, or, tissues, of autoantibodies or autoreactive cells. Autoantibodies are capable of reacting against self components. Autoreactive cells are immunocytes capable of also reacting against self. For a disease to be truly autoimmune, these autoantibodies and autoreactive cells must be involved in the pathogenesis.

Autoimmune disease in the dog

CASES referred to as fever or pyrexia of unknown origin often present a diagnostic challenge to practitioners. The main approach to diagnosis is to identify the reason for the pyrexia. Clinical signs are often non-specific and may fluctuate in severity and alter with chronicity. Although it is theoretically desirable not to instigate any treatment before a full investigation has been carried out, in practice this is often difficult and a response to specific therapies can help in the diagnosis. If there are no localising signs, a series of simple screening tests is necessary to try to identify a septic, inflammatory or neoplastic focus.

Diagnosis of pyrexia of unknown origin

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Autoimmune disease in the dog

Diagnosis of pyrexia of unknown origin