Among the contenders in the new generation energy storage arena, all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) have emerged as particularly promising, owing to their potential to exhibit high safety, high energy density and long cycle life. The relatively low conductivity of most solid electrolytes and the often sluggish charge transfer kinetics at the interface between solid electrolyte and electrode layers are considered to be amongst the major challenges facing ASSBs. This review presents an overview of the state of the art in solid lithium and sodium ion conductors, with an emphasis on inorganic materials. The correlations between the composition, structure and conductivity of these solid electrolytes are illustrated and strategies to boost ion conductivity are proposed. In particular, the high grain boundary resistance of solid oxide electrolytes is identified as a challenge. Critical issues of solid electrolytes beyond ion conductivity are also discussed with respect to their potential problems for practical applications. The chemical and electrochemical stabilities of solid electrolytes are discussed, as are chemo-mechanical effects which have been overlooked to some extent. Furthermore, strategies to improve the practical performance of ASSBs, including optimizing the interface between solid electrolytes and electrode materials to improve stability and lower charge transfer resistance are also suggested.

/pdf/new-horizons-for-inorganic-solid-state-ion-conductors-3w5lzxuciv.pdf

New horizons for inorganic solid state ion conductors

This overview addresses the atomistic aspects of degradation of layered LiMO2 (M = Ni, Co, Mn) oxide Li-ion battery cathode materials, aiming to shed light on the fundamental degradation mechanisms especially inside active cathode materials and at their interfaces. It includes recent results obtained by novel in situ/in operando diffraction methods, modelling, and quasi in situ surface science analysis. Degradation of the active cathode material occurs upon overcharge, resulting from a positive potential shift of the anode. Oxygen loss and eventual phase transformation resulting in dead regions are ascribed to changes in electronic structure and defect formation. The anode potential shift results from loss of free lithium due to side reactions occurring at electrode/electrolyte interfaces. Such side reactions are caused by electron transfer, and depend on the electron energy level alignment at the interface. Side reactions at electrode/electrolyte interfaces and capacity fade may be overcome by the use of suitable solid-state electrolytes and Li-containing anodes.

Fundamental degradation mechanisms of layered oxide Li-ion battery cathode materials: Methodology, insights and novel approaches

An innovative information fusion method with adaptive Kalman filter for integrated INS/GPS navigation of autonomous vehicles

Synthesis, structure and electrochemical performance of the argyrodite Li6PS5Cl solid electrolyte for Li-ion solid state batteries

For the development of safe and long-lasting lithium-ion batteries we need electrolytes with excellent ionic transport properties. Argyrodite-type Li6PS5X (X: Cl, Br, I) belongs to a family of such a class of materials offering ionic conductivities, at least if Li6PS5Br and Li6PS5Cl are considered, in the mS cm−1 range at room temperature. Although already tested as ceramic electrolytes in battery cells, a comprehensive picture about the ion dynamics is still missing. While Li6PS5Br and Li6PS5Cl show an exceptionally high Li ion conductivity, that of Li6PS5I with its polarizable I anions is by some orders of magnitude lower. This astonishing effect has not been satisfactorily understood so far. Studying the ion dynamics over a broad time and length scale is expected to help shed light on this aspect. Here, we used broadband impedance spectroscopy and 7Li NMR relaxation measurements and show that very fast local Li ion exchange processes are taking place in all three compounds. Most importantly, the diffusion-induced NMR spin–lattice relaxation in Li6PS5I is almost identical to that of its relatives. Considering the substitutional disorder effects in Li6PS5X (X = Br, Cl), we conclude that in structurally ordered Li6PS5I the important inter-cage jump processes are switched off, hindering the ions from taking part in long-range ion transport.

/pdf/substitutional-disorder-structure-and-ion-dynamics-of-the-3mshac4ywv.pdf

Substitutional disorder: structure and ion dynamics of the argyrodites Li6PS5Cl, Li6PS5Br and Li6PS5I.

Airborne gravimetry is the determination of the Earth's gravity field, using aircraft as mobile measurement platforms For such measurements, there exist two predominant types of instrumentation: 1 Mechanical spring gravimeters, which are mounted on a gimballed platform in order to maintain a constant sensor orientation during the flight, aligned with the local vertical of the gravity field; 2 aircraft body-fixed 'strap-down' Inertial Measurement Units (IMU), containing each one sensor triad of accelerometers and gyroscopes While IMUs are commonly designed for navigation applications, they also turn out to have several practical advantages also for gravimetric applications, compared to the more established platform-stabilised spring-gravimeters In particular advantageous are the lower space and energy consumption, the autonomous operation during the flights, the lower sensitivity to turbulence, and the considerably lower acquisition costs

This thesis is a contribution to the improvement of kinematic, IMU-based gravimetry (denoted as \emph{strapdown gravimetry}) In practice, the predominant source of errors of such systems arises from uncompensated accelerometer drifts It is shown theoretically, and based on simulations as well, that such drifts are in practice inseparable from the gravity signal which is to be determined Based on this finding, several accelerometer calibration methods are developed, aiming at the reduction of in-flight accelerometer drifts In particular, thermal effects are shown to be the predominant error source The proposed calibration methods are evaluated on real data, taken from five different airborne gravity campaigns The common airborne gravimetry evaluation methods are summarised and discussed An IMU-based gravity measurement accuracy of approximately $\SI{1e-5}{m/s^2}$ is verified, being equal or even superior compared to the achievable accuracy of mechanical spring-gravimeters under comparable conditions, which are still the predominant instrumentation for airborne gravimetry

Advanced Calibration Methods for Strapdown Airborne Gravimetry

XPS study of diethyl carbonate adsorption on LiCoO2 thin films

To avoid the difficulties in fixing the carrier phase ambiguities, the time difference carrier phase approach is applied to a GPS/IMU tightly-coupled navigation system to eliminate the ambiguity between two successive GPS epochs, which can provide high velocity estimation accuracy. The carrier phases are carefully corrected before use. A modified method is proposed by using the system matrix in each time update to calculate the integration of the velocity errors in the measurement update equation. A Cubature Kalman Filter (CKF) is applied to the integrated navigation system to improve the attitude estimation accuracy. The navigation result and comparison show the accuracy improvement after applying the carrier phase corrections, modified measurement update method and the CKF.

Improving the performance of tightly-coupled GPS/INS navigation by using time-differenced GPS-carrier-phase measurements and low-cost MEMS IMU

Estimability was introduced as a measure of how much observations can contribute to the estimation process for a linear system. Several publications analyse the estimabilities for integrated navigation systems, comprising a strapdown inertial measurement unit (IMU) and observations from global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). This concept will hereby be adapted to strapdown vector gravimetry, being a special application of a IMU/GNSS system. Simulations are presented showing to what extent different observation types, as positions, velocities and attitudes, can contribute to the determination of gravity disturbances. Knowledge about these characteristics of the system may be useful for the planning of future airborne gravimetry missions. In particular, the estimability of the deflection of the vertical (DOV) is analysed. During a non-accelerated flight, it is poorly estimable due to its high sensitivity to attitude errors. However, for flight manoeuvres comprising horizontal or vertical accelerations, the DOV estimability can be shown to increase significantly.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F1345_2015_209.pdf

Estimability in Strapdown Airborne Vector Gravimetry

(21/10/2019) Latest results in strapdown airborne gravimetry using an iMAR RQH unit This paper summarizes the results of four recent airborne gravity campaigns, carried out between October 2013 and October 2015. For the measurements, a strapdown inertial measurement unit, type iMAR RQH 1003, was used in combination with a geodetic two-frequency GNSS receiver (Javad Delta). A centralized Kalman-Filter in combination with an RTS-smoother is used to estimate three-dimensional gravity disturbances, i.e. also including the deflections of the vertical (vector gravimetry). A thermal correction is applied to the QA2000 accelerometers in order to remove most of the long term drifts, relaxing the common requirement of an adjustment of the strapdown gravity data. Results were evaluated based on cross-over statistics, indicating standard deviations in the range from 1.0 to 1.4 mGal (without adjustment). This is an excellent result for strapdown gravimetry, clearly reaching the accuracy level of the classical instruments and thereby emphasizing the large potential of strapdown gravimetry for future campaigns

Latest results in strapdown airborne gravimetry using an iMAR RQH unit

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