This paper has evolved out of a growing dissatisfaction with the relatively uncritical acceptance in contemporary debates that agriculture in advanced societies has moved from ‘productivism’ to ‘post-productivism’. A brief review of current conceptualizations of productivist and post-productivist agricultural regimes reveals inconsistencies in current understandings these dualistic terms. The problem has partly been that the conceptual literature on post-productivism has largely failed to take into account the wealth of actor-oriented and behaviourally grounded research. Productivist and post-productivist agricultural regimes have also been conceptualized from a UK-centric perspective that has largely failed to discuss whether the concept has wider applicability within Europe and beyond. The paper discusses the time-lag and spatial inconsistencies in the adoption of post-productivist action and thought, and emphasizes that different localities are positioned at different points in a temporal, spatial and conceptual transition from ‘pre-productivist’ to ‘post-productivist’ agricultural regimes. The notion of the ‘territorialization’ of productivist and post-productivist actor spaces highlights the wide-ranging diversity that exists within the productivist/post-productivist spectrum, and that productivist and post-productivist action and thought occurs in multidimensional coexistence leads one to question the implied directionality of the traditional productivist/post-productivist debate. It is suggested that the notion of a ‘multifunctional agricultural regime’ better encapsulates the diversity, non-linearity and spatial heterogeneity that can currently be observed in modern agriculture and rural society.

From productivism to post-productivism … and back again? Exploring the (un)changed natural and mental landscapes of European agriculture

The identification of high-performance indicator taxa that combine practical feasibility and ecological value requires an understanding of the costs and benefits of surveying different taxa. We present a generic and novel framework for identifying such taxa, and illustrate our approach using a large-scale assessment of 14 different higher taxa across three forest types in the Brazilian Amazon, estimating both the standardized survey cost and the ecological and biodiversity indicator value for each taxon. Survey costs varied by three orders of magnitude, and dung beetles and birds were identified as especially suitable for evaluating and monitoring the ecological consequences of habitat change in our study region. However, an exclusive focus on such taxa occurs at the expense of understanding patterns of diversity in other groups. To improve the cost-effectiveness of biodiversity research we encourage a combination of clearer research goals and the use of an objective evidence-based approach to selecting study taxa.

/pdf/the-cost-effectiveness-of-biodiversity-surveys-in-tropical-1yd8569umj.pdf

The cost-effectiveness of biodiversity surveys in tropical forests

Impacts of land-use change on biodiversity: An assessment of agricultural biodiversity in the European Union

The purpose of this report is to assess how much biomass could technically be available for energy production without increasing pressures on the environment. The agriculture, forestry and waste sectors are considered and it is suggested that significant amounts of biomass can technically be available to support ambitious renewable energy targets, even if strict environmental constraints are applied. 190 million tonnes of oil equivalent are considered possible in 2010, rising to 295 million tonnes by 2030. This represents around 15-16% of projected primary energy requirements of the 25 EU-member countries in 2030. The main factors driving the increase in bioenergy potential are productivity increases and the assumed liberalisation of the agricultural sector, which results in additional area available for dedicated bioenergy farming. It is considered that environmental guidelines will need to become an integral part of planning processes at local, national and European level to achieve environmental compatibility. In the short term the largest potential for bioenergy comes form the waste sector, with greater long-term potential from bioenergy crops. There may also be co-benefits between biomass production and nature conservation.

How much bioenergy can Europe produce without harming the environment

Agri-environmental policies in the EU and United States: A comparison ☆

Dwyer J., Ward N., Lowe P. and Baldock D. (2007) European rural development under the Common Agricultural Policy's ‘Second Pillar’: institutional conservatism and innovation, Regional Studies 41, 873–887. The EU Rural Development Regulation (RDR) was launched in 2000 as the new ‘second pillar’ of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), promoting sustainable rural development. The rhetoric surrounding the Regulation emphasized decentralized, participative delivery and a territorial and multi-sectoral focus – relatively new and unfamiliar principles for the CAP. Evidence from a European study of RDR Programmes is used to evaluate how this experiment has performed in the initial years, highlighting the need for further institutional adaptation to enable effective delivery. The relevance of lessons learned in the design and delivery of EU regional policy is also highlighted. The prospects for more effective adaptation are assessed in the light of the most recent sets of CAP reforms. Dwyer J., Ward N., Lowe P. e...

/pdf/european-rural-development-under-the-common-agricultural-19s0t6d3qd.pdf

European Rural Development under the Common Agricultural Policy's ‘Second Pillar’: Institutional Conservatism and Innovation

Most of the world's biodiversity will continue to exist outside protected areas and there are also managed lands within many protected areas. In the assessment of millennium targets, there is therefore a need for indicators to measure biodiversity and suitability of habitats for biodiversity both across the whole landscape/seascape and in specific managed habitats. The two predominant land uses in many inhabited areas are forestry and agriculture and these are examined. Many national-level criteria and indicator systems already exist that attempt to assess biodiversity in forests and the impacts of forest management, but there is generally less experience in measuring these values in agricultural landscapes. Existing systems are reviewed, both for their usefulness in providing indicators and to assess the extent to which they have been applied. This preliminary gap analysis is used in the development of a set of indicators suitable for measuring progress towards the conservation of biodiversity in managed forests and agriculture. The paper concludes with a draft set of indicators for discussion, with suggestions including proportion of land under sustainable management, amount of produce from such land, area of natural or high quality semi-natural land within landscapes under sustainable management and key indicator species.

/pdf/measuring-biodiversity-and-sustainable-management-in-forests-4c9nz7lcfs.pdf

Measuring biodiversity and sustainable management in forests and agricultural landscapes

Environmentally sensitive areas: Incrementalism or reform?

Corine based inventory of HNV farming systems (HNV= High Nature Value) within the European Union Countries

/pdf/developing-a-high-nature-value-farming-area-indicator-final-r5bugcwifn.pdf

Developing a high nature value farming area indicator : Final report

/pdf/the-nature-of-rural-development-towards-a-sustainable-5f0pr3jjde.pdf

The Nature of Rural Development: Towards a Sustainable Integrated Rural Policy in Europe

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