Visualization can provide valuable assistance for data analysis and decision making tasks. However, how people perceive and interact with a visualization tool can strongly influence their understanding of the data as well as the system's usefulness. Human factors therefore contribute significantly to the visualization process and should play an important role in the design and evaluation of visualization tools. Several research initiatives have begun to explore human factors in visualization, particularly in perception-based design. Nonetheless, visualization work involving human factors is in its infancy, and many potentially promising areas have yet to be explored. Therefore, we aim to 1) review known methodology for doing human factors research, with specific emphasis on visualization, 2) review current human factors research in visualization to provide a basis for future investigation, and 3) identify promising areas for future research.

Human factors in visualization research

Contents: Preface. Part I: Introduction. P.A. Frensch, J. Funke, Definitions, Traditions, and a General Framework for Understanding Complex Problem Solving. A. Buchner, Basic Topics and Approaches to the Study of Complex Problem Solving. D. Dorner, A.J. Wearing, Complex Problem Solving: Toward a (Computersimulated) Theory. Part II: General Topics in the Study of Complex Problem Solving. B. Brehmer, Feedback Delays in Complex Dynamic Decision Tasks. D.C. Berry, D.E. Broadbent, Implicit Learning in the Control of Complex Systems. O. Huber, Complex Problem Solving as Multistage Decision Making. Part III: The Differential Approach to Complex Problem Solving. J.F. Beckmann, J. Guthke, Complex Problem Solving, Intelligence, and Learning Ability. J.F. Krems, Cognitive Flexibility and Complex Problem Solving. U. Funke, Using Complex Problem Solving Tasks in Personnel Selection and Training. Part IV: Methodological Issues in Research on Complex Problem Solving. J. Funke, Experimental Research on Complex Problem Solving. R.H. Kluwe, Single Case Studies and Models of Complex Problem Solving. Part V: Conclusions. R.J. Sternberg, Expertise in Complex Problem Solving: A Comparison of Alternative Conceptions.

Complex Problem Solving : The European Perspective

This paper examines and proposes an approach to writing software specifications, based on research in systems theory, cognitive psychology and human-machine interaction. The goal is to provide specifications that support human problem solving and the tasks that humans must perform in software development and evolution. A type of specification, called intent specifications, is constructed upon this underlying foundation.

Intent specifications: an approach to building human-centered specifications

https://www.ida.liu.se/divisions/hcs/ixs/material/DesResMeth09/Theory/visser.pdf

Design: one, but in different forms

This overview paper defends an augmented cognitively oriented generic-design hypothesis: there are both significant similarities between the design activities implemented in different situations and crucial differences between these and other cognitive activities; yet, characteristics of a design situation (related to the design process, the designers, and the artefact) introduce specificities in the corresponding cognitive activities and structures that are used, and in the resulting designs. We thus augment the classical generic-design hypothesis with that of different forms of designing. We review the data available in the cognitive design research literature and propose a series of candidates underlying such forms of design, outlining a number of directions requiring further elaboration.

Design: One, but in different forms

From Theory to Design. The importance of models in making complex systems comprehensible (G. Fischer). Methodological Aspects. Models of mental models: an ergonomist-psychologist dialogue (A. Rutherford and J.R. Wilson). How to t(r)ap user's mental models (M.-A. Sasse). Modelling for adaptivity (D. Murray). Concurrent use of different expertise elicitation methods applied to the study of the programming activity (W. Visser and A. Morais). Analysing complex tasks with an extended GOMS* model (U. Arend). Object-based action planning (J. Beringer and J. Wandmacher). Empirical Results. Design decisions for a user interface (F.M.T. Brazier and G.C. van der Veer). Mental models and the evaluation of user interfaces: a case-study of a library system (J.M. van der Velden and A.G. Arnold). Level of experience in text-editing: the role of mental representations on performance (A. Dewier and G. Karnas). How to predict user performance and user preference with different interaction techniques? (Ch. Metzler, E. Wetzenstein-Ollenschlager and H. Wandke). A schema-based model of program-understanding (F. Detienne). Mental Models in Design. Cognitive processes in information retrieval: production rules and lexical nets (M. Wettler and A. Glockner-Rist). Modelling the user interaction methods imposed by design (J. Karat and J. Bennett). Usability testing: a practical use for mental model construction (P.R. Innocent). Mental Models and Artificial Intelligence. Plan recognition in HCI: the parsing of user actions (M.C. Desmarais, L. Giroux and S. Larochelle). Inductive knowledge acquisition for a UNIX coach (H.U. Hoppe and R. Plotzner). The psychological processes of constructing a mental model when learning by being told, from examples, and by exploration (F. Schmalhofer and O. Kuhn). Domain Representation and student modelling in a microworld for elastic impacts (K. Opwis, M. Stumpf and H. Spada). Knowledge acquisition as an object-oriented modelling process (W.-F. Riekert). Aristotelian syllogisms in mental models (M. Lansky). Author Index. Subject Index.

Mental Models and Human Computer Interaction I

Selected papers of the 6th Interdisciplinary Workshop on Informatics and Psychology: Mental Models and Human-Computer Interaction 1

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Mental Models and Human Computer Interaction I

Selected papers of the 6th Interdisciplinary Workshop on Informatics and Psychology: Mental Models and Human-Computer Interaction 1