With the emergence of dense power due to the use of relatively low-voltage infrastructures, which are becoming more common in distribution networks, the risks related to low-voltage arc flash are drawing more attention. Arc voltage, as the critical factor in arc flash mitigation, is strongly related to the determination of insulation distance and re-striking voltage level. However, while much attention has focused on the need for hazards calculation and the selection of appropriate personal protective equipment, the physical characteristics of arc has received relatively little attention. Although some related researches have been carried out in high-voltage arc faults with long gaps, the medium–low arc faults, which have more dynamic nature, is rarely to be investigated. To comprehensively analyze the voltage characteristics of medium–low-voltage arc fault in short gaps, this paper discussed the mathematical approach for arc voltage modeling. To achieve the reliable model parameters, the magnetohydrodynamic simulation method is explored as the amendment for mathematical model. Moreover, in order to have an easy application for on-site practice, a concisely alternative model for arc voltage gradient calculation is developed. The fitting result shows the model has a good ability to accurately estimate the voltage gradient of medium–low-voltage short arc.

Approach of Voltage Characteristics Modeling for Medium-Low-Voltage Arc Fault in Short Gaps

Reputational incentives may be a powerful mechanism for improving supplier performance. We analyze their role in contract awarding, exploiting an experiment run by a firm which introduced a new vendor rating system scoring suppliers' past performance and linking it to the award of future contracts. We study responses in both price and performance to the announcement of the switch from price-only to price-and-rating auctions. Across the 136 parameters scored, overall compliance improves from 25 percent to 80 percent. Improvements involve all parameters and suppliers, but are more pronounced for parameters receiving a higher weight in the announced scoring auction. Prices do not significantly change overall, but we find some evidence of lower prices right after the announcement when suppliers compete to win contracts to get scored, and of higher prices once they have established a good reputation. Even under an upper bound estimate for this price increase, however, the cost of the policy is below its lower bound benefit estimate, which derives from a reduction in fatal accidents driven by improvements on the subset of parameters involving worksite safety.

https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w22814/w22814.pdf

Past performance and procurement outcomes

Using grounded theory and mental modeling to understand influences on electricians’ safety decisions: Toward an integrated theory of why electricians work energized

Are rises in Electro-Magnetic Field in the human environment, interacting with multiple environmental pollutions, the tripping point for increases in neurological deaths in the Western World?

With the rise of large-scale photovoltaic arrays and dc buses in power systems, dc-arc hazards have raised great concerns. Currently, the IEEE Std. 1584-2002 pertains to arc flashes originating in only ac systems. Little research has been conducted to investigate the theoretical or semiempirical methods to estimate dc arcs. The theoretical method, based on the maximum power transfer theorem, overall produces the estimations on the conservative side; the semiempirical methods are limited by the experiment scale, which cannot provide the comprehensive dc-arc prediction to the industry. This paper presents a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model of dc arcs. The MHD equations are solved by using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software Code Saturne, which is based on collocated finite volume. The simulation results are compatible with the lab testing. The proposed MHD modeling provides an innovative approach to study dc-arc phenomena.

3-D Magnetohydrodynamic Modeling of DC Arc in Power System

Occupational Injuries From Electrical Shock and Arc Flash Events

Comprehensive data on work-related electrical injuries is essential for prevention efforts. The Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, maintains separate databases for fatal and non-fatal work-related injuries, and these provide information about the types of workers who have experienced injury from electrical hazards, the work activities when injury occurred, the occupations and industries of injured workers, demographic information on injury victims, and other key descriptors that are useful in identifying injury trends and areas of concern. As further described below, fatality data is collected through the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, a surveillance system that draws upon multiple information sources. Data on non-fatal injuries is available through the Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII), which collects data from a sample of employers each year, utilizing employer records of occupational injury and illness to generate injury and illness estimates (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 2009). Injuries which must be recorded by employers include injuries resulting in days away from work, restricted work or transfer to another job, medical treatment beyond first aid, loss of consciousness, or significant injury otherwise diagnosed by a physician or other licensed health care professional.

Trends in Workplace Electrical Injury

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Occupational Injuries From Electrical Shock and Arc Flash Events

Trends in Workplace Electrical Injury