Evaluation of activity of some medicinal plants used as malarial remedies by the Ibibios of Niger Delta region of Nigeria against Plasmodium falciparum was carried out. Crude extracts as well as fractions from promising plants were investigated for antiplasmodial activity against erythrocytic stages of chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive 3D7 and CQ-resistant INDO strains of Plasmodium falciparum in culture using the fluorescence-based SYBR Green I assay. Cytotoxicity was determined against HeLa cells using MTT assay. GCMS of active fractions were carried out. Various plants extracts exhibited varying degrees of antiplasmodial activity. Promising antiplasmodial activity was found in Setaria megaphylla ethyl acetate leaf fraction [IC50 = 8.15 μg/mL (3D7) 8.05 μg/mL (INDO)] and good activities were found in Hippocratea africana [root ethyl acetate fraction IC50 = 25.95 μg/mL (3D7), 15.94 μg/ml (INDO)] and Solenostemon monostachyus (petroleum ether leaf fraction [IC50 = 25.99 μg/mL (3D7), 12.30 μg/ml (INDO)]. The leaf extract of S. megaphylla whose fractions exerted the highest activity against Plasmodium falciparum elicited moderate cytotoxicity (TC50- 45μg/ml). GCMS results identified some pharmacologically active compounds. These results provide validation for the traditional usage of some medicinal plants against malaria by the Ibibios in Niger Delta region of Nigeria.

https://www.florajournal.com/archives/2017/vol5issue5/PartB/6-5-246-321.pdf

In vitro antiplasmodial activity of some medicinal plants from Nigeria

Objective: Solenostemon monostachyus is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments such as ulcer, hypertension, pains and inflammatory diseases. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of S. monostachyus aerial parts was carried out to ascertain its uses in traditional medicine. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of S. monostachyus was cold extracted by soaking the dried powdered material in ethanol. The aerial parts crude extract (75 –225 mg/kg) of  S. monostachyus was investigated for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities using various experimental models; acetic acid, formalin and thermal- induced pains models for analgesic study and carrageenin, egg albumin and xylene – induced edema models for anti-inflammatory investigation. Results: The extract caused a significant (pConclusion: The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of this plant may in part be mediated through the chemical constituents of the plant and the results of the analgesic action suggest central and peripheral mechanisms. The findings of this work confirm the ethno medical use of this plant to treat inflammatory conditions.

http://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_5485_e8fc1ac326bc75d4ee2443dc4b3db959.pdf

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Solenostemon monostachyus aerial part extract in mice.

Objective: Solenostemon monostachyus P. Beauv (family Lamiaceae) used traditionally by the Ibibios of Southern Nigeria to treat stomach ulcer, malaria and other inflammatory diseases was evaluated for antiulcer activity. Materials and Methods: The effects of extract of Solenostemon monostachyus (75 - 225 mg/kg) and fractions (Aqueous and chloroform, 150 mg/kg) on experimentally induced ulcer were studied in rats using ethanol, indomethacin, reserpine and histamine –induced ulcer models. Results: The effect of ethanol extract of S. monostachyus (75 – 225 mg/kg) and fractions on experimentally induced ulcer were studied in rats. The extract (75 – 225 mg/kg) inhibited ethanol, indomethacin and histamine –induced ulcer models in a dose dependent fashion. The various degrees of inhibitions were statistically significant (p<0.05, 0.01, 0.001). The effect of the extract was comparable to that of the standard drugs used with the dichloromethane fraction having the highest activity. Conclusion: Thus, S. monostachyus extract demonstrated a good antiulcer activity which supports the use of this plant in the traditional medicine to treat ulcers.

/pdf/antiulcerogenic-activity-of-solenostemon-monostachyus-qn5bvph6l7.pdf

Antiulcerogenic activity of Solenostemon monostachyus

Background: Solenostemon monostachys Briq. (Lamiaceae) is a weed widely used in ethno medicine to treat infections and inflammatory conditions but the active compounds are yet to be identified. This study isolated and identified the radical scavenging compounds from S. monostachys crude extract using diphenyl-1, 1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) to monitor the separation. Materials and Methods: The crude extract of the aerial parts of the plant was evaluated for antimicrobial activity using the agar diffusion test, anti-inflammatory test using carrageenan induced oedema of the rat paw and radical scavenging test using diphenyl-1, 1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH). Repeated chromatographic separation of the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20, monitored by DPPH bio-autographic assay resulted in the isolation of seven active compounds, which were identified using spectroscopic methods and comparison with literature data. Results: The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions were the most active fractions and contained apigenin, apigenin glucuronide, luteolin, caffeic acid, methyl caffeate, rosmarinic acid and methyl rosmarinate as the radical scavenging compounds with EC 50 values of 26.67 ± 0.31, 185.89 ± 1.02, 5.35 ± 0.31, 3.92 ± 0.06, 13.41 ± 0.18, 4.99 ± 0.10, 5.97 ± 0.08 μg/ml respectively compared with 2.32 ± 0.08 μg/ml for quercetin as the reference standard. Conclusion: The isolated compounds are reported for the first time in this plant. The presence of the compounds in S. monostachys P. Beauv. (Briq.) (Lamiaceae) may provide justification for some of the ethnomedicinal uses of the plant in infections and inflammatory conditions. Keywords: Flavonoids, caffeic acid derivatives, radical scavenging ability, Lamiaceae

/pdf/radical-scavenging-compounds-from-the-aerial-parts-of-49tph7bg69.pdf

Radical scavenging compounds from the aerial parts of Solenostemon monostachys briq (Lamiaceae)

Background: Solenostemon monostachyus P. Beauv (family Lamiaceae), a medicinal herb in West and Central Africa, is ethnomedically employed as an antidote for poison and for the treatment of different diseases and ailments. Objective: To investigate the hepatoprotective and renoprotective effects of S.  monostachyus leaf extract against paracetamol- induced liver and kidney injuries in rats. Methodology: Hepato-renoprotective effects of S. monostachyus ethanol leaf extract was evaluated against paracetamol- induced liver and kidney injuries in rats. The liver protective property of the ethanol leaf extract (75-225 mg/kg) was investigated by the assessment of liver function parameters, liver antioxidant enzymes and histopathology, while the renoprotective property was evaluated by the assessment of some kidney function parameters, kidney antioxidant enzymes and histopathology. Silymarin (100mg/kg) was used as positive control. Results : The leaf extract exerted significant (p<0.05 – 0.001) dose-dependent decreases in elevated levels of liver enzymes (ALT, AST and ALP), total cholesterol, direct and total bilirubin as well as increases in serum levels of total protein, albumin and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx) and GSH. Histopathological study of the liver sections of extract and silymarin-treated rats revealed reductions in the pathological features compared to the paracetamol- treated animals. Leaf extract pre-treatment also resulted in significant (p<0.05) dose-dependent decreases in increased levels of serum creatinine and urea without affecting the electrolytes levels. Histopathology of the kidney sections of extract and silymarin- treated rats showed decreases in the pathological features compared to the control group. The chemical pathological results in both liver and kidney agreed with histopathological observations indicating pronouced hepatoprotective and renoprotective effect of the leaf extract of S. monostachyus. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that the leaf extract of S. monostachyus has the potentials to protect the liver and kidney against injury which may be due to its antioxidant activity of its constituents and this can be employed in the management of liver and kidney diseases. Keywords: Solenostemon monostachyus , medicinal plant, hepatoprotective, renoprotective, antioxidant.

Hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activities of Solenostemon monostachyus P. Beauv (Lamiaceae) leaf extract

Acute toxicity and antioxidant activity of hydroethanolic leaves extract of Solenostemon monostachyus (Esomo) were investigated. The method used for antioxidant evaluation was 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the method of Miller & Tainter was employed for the acute toxicity. The lethal dose inducing death for half of tested mice (LD50) for Esomo was 1.9± 0.001 g/kg body weight. According to the classification of Diezi (1989), this drug is weakly toxic. Esomo's concentration at 50% DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50) was 19.95 ± 0. 1µg/ml. Esomo (100 µg/ml) induced a DPPH scavenging activity of 86.25 %. Similar results were obtained with acid gallic and ascorbic acid applied at the same concentration and they induced a DPPH scavenging activity of 91.66% and 98%, respectively. Our results show that the extract of S. monostachyus exhibits an antioxidant property. The property is due to the presence of phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, sterols and terpins, shown in the former phytochemical study. The weak toxicity and the significant antioxidant activity of leaves of S. monostachyus could explain its use in folk medicine.

Acute Toxicity and Antioxidant Activity of Hydroethanolic Extract of Solenostemon monostachyus P. Beauv. Leaves

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Acute Toxicity and Antioxidant Activity of Hydroethanolic Extract of Solenostemon monostachyus P. Beauv. Leaves