The traditional sensors are designed based on the "lock-and-key" strategy with high selectivity and specificity for detecting specific analytes, which however are not suitable for detecting multiple analytes simultaneously. With the help of pattern recognition technologies, the sensor arrays excel in distinguishing subtle changes caused by multitarget analytes with similar structures in a complex system. To construct a sensor array, the multiple sensing elements are undoubtedly indispensable units that will selectively interact with targets to generate the unique "fingerprints" based on the distinct responses, enabling the identification among various analytes through pattern recognition methods. This comprehensive review mainly focuses on the construction strategies and principles of sensing elements, as well as the applications of sensor array for identification and detection of target analytes in a wide range of fields. Furthermore, the present challenges and further perspectives of sensor arrays are discussed in detail.

Recent Progress in Sensor Arrays: From Construction Principles of Sensing Elements to Applications.

Developing a portable analytical device for rapid and visual detection of multiple targeted pollutants in groundwater is very important. In this paper, a novel Eu-MOF was prepared and applied for the highly sensitive and selective detection of Eu3+ and fluoride in groundwater. In the presence of Eu3+, the blue-violet fluorescence at 425 nm of Eu-MOF is greatly quenched because of the aggregation effect caused by Eu3+ combined with the amino functional groups exposed on Eu-MOF. The detection limit of Eu3+ has been determined as (2.481 ± 0.014) ×10−7 M according to the 3σ rule. Furthermore, the addition of fluoride would replace Eu3+ bound to amino group to induce the fluorescence recovery, and the detection limit of fluoride was calculated to be (1.145 ± 0.009) ×10-6 M. The common interfering ions have no influences on the selective detection of Eu3+ and fluoride by Eu-MOF. In addition, the spiked and recovery test indicated that Eu-MOF can be used for detection of Eu3+ and fluoride in real water samples and possess efficient and favorable practicability. More importantly, the logic detectors and paper sensors based on Eu-MOF were designed and fabricated as the portable analytical devices for the visual detection of Eu3+ and fluoride in groundwater. Our research would be beneficial and helpful for the water quality safety and human health guarantee.

A portable logic detector based on Eu-MOF for multi-target, on-site, visual detection of Eu3+ and fluoride in groundwater

An MOF-Based Luminescent Sensor Array for Pattern Recognition and Quantification of Metal Ions

Currently, developments in the field of quantum dots (QDs) have attracted researchers worldwide. A large variety of QDs have been discovered in the few years, which have excellent optoelectronic, antibacterial, magnetic, and other properties. However, ZnO is the single known material that can exist in the quantum state and can hold all the above properties. There is a lot of work going on in this field and we will be shorthanded if we do not accommodate this treasure at one place. This manuscript will prove to be a milestone in this noble cause. Having a tremendous potential, there is a developing enthusiasm toward the application of ZnO QDs in diverse areas. Sol–gel method being the simplest is the widely-favored synthetic method. Synthesis via this method is largely affected by a number of factors such as the reaction temperature, duration of the reaction, type of solvent, pH of the solution, and the precipitating agent. Doping enhances the optical, magnetic, anti-bacterial, anti-microbial, and other properties of ZnO QDs. However, doping elements reside mostly on the surface of the QDs. The presence of doping elements inside the core is still a major challenge for doping techniques. In this review article, we have focused on pure, rare-earth, and transition metal-doped ZnO QD properties, and the various synthetic processes and applications. Quantum confinement effect is present in nearly every aspect of the QDs. The effect of quantum confinement has also been summarized in this manuscript. Furthermore, the doping of rare earth elements and transition metal, synthetic methods for different organic molecule-capped ZnO QDs, mechanisms for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, drug delivery system for cancer treatment, and many more application are discussed in this paper.

/pdf/journey-of-zno-quantum-dots-from-undoped-to-rare-earth-and-4qkrnllkgp.pdf

Journey of ZnO quantum dots from undoped to rare-earth and transition metal-doped and their applications

Fluorescent sensor arrays for metal ions detection: A review

Accurate recognition and speciation analysis of heavy-metal ions in complex hydrological environments is always a serious challenge. In this work, we proposed a small-molecule-based ultrasensitive colorimetric detection strategy and successfully applied it to the accurate detection of Fe2+, Fe3+, Co2+, and Hg2+ in groundwater through the specific recognition of multiple ligands of different metal ions. The detection limits for Hg2+, Co2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ are calculated to be 6.51, 0.34, 0.49, and 1.01 ppb, respectively, which are far below the drinking water standards and superior to most of the reported colorimetric sensors. Remarkably, the speciation analysis of Fe2+/Fe3+ also has been successfully realized by a one-step method without complex pretreatment. The speciation and concentration of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in actual water samples can be accurately identified and monitored. In addition, as an attempt of visual onsite detection, we have developed a simple test strip, which has been applied to visual monitoring of four metal ions with the detection limit estimated by the naked eye to be as low as ppb level. This proposed colorimetric method realizes the rapid, sensitive, and portable multiple metal ions recognition and Fe2+/Fe3+ speciation analysis, displaying great potential for onsite rapid water quality analysis.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsomega.9b00312

Novel Colorimetric Method for Simultaneous Detection and Identification of Multimetal Ions in Water: Sensitivity, Selectivity, and Recognition Mechanism.

Herein, a small molecule based multi-channel fluorescent sensor array (SA) for accurate discrimination and sensitive quantitation of multiple heavy metal ions was developed, with its detection mechanism simulates an electronic tongue. The synergistic effects of the differentiated affinity of chelator for metal ions and multiple emission channels of sensors led to the diverse emission intensity change and wavelength switch, displaying obvious cross-reactivity and diversified signal output. Treated with linear discriminant analysis (LDA), this diversified multi-channel output allowed correct and high-resolution discrimination of 11 heavy metal ions at different concentration as well as multivariate mixture of hard-distinguish metal ions. Further titration experiment exhibited the regular arrangement of each metal ions in different extension directions at the range of 0–20 μM in 3D LDA plot, endowing SA array with the ability to identify and quantify each heavy metal ion. The feasibility of the SA array was also verified by the accurate detection of a large number of actual water samples. This strategy enables simple, efficient, sensitive identification and quantification of multiple metal ions in real water, demonstrating its potential for simplification of water quality analysis process.

Construction of multi-channel fluorescence sensor array and its application for accurate identification and sensitive quantification of multiple metal ions

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Novel Colorimetric Method for Simultaneous Detection and Identification of Multimetal Ions in Water: Sensitivity, Selectivity, and Recognition Mechanism.

Construction of multi-channel fluorescence sensor array and its application for accurate identification and sensitive quantification of multiple metal ions