Label-free biomedical optical imaging

Capsule endoscopy (CE) is the only non-invasive diagnostic tool that enables the direct visualization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Even though CE was initially developed for small-bowel investigation, its clinical application is expanding, and technological advances continue. The final iteration of CE will be a mouth to anus (M2A) capsule that investigates the entire GI tract by the ingestion of a single capsule. This narrative review describes the current developmental status of CE and discusses the possibility of realizing an M2A capsule and what needs to be overcome in the future.

Examination of Entire Gastrointestinal Tract: A Perspective of Mouth to Anus (M2A) Capsule Endoscopy.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) uses low coherence interferometry to obtain depth‐resolved tissue reflectivity profiles (M‐mode) and transverse beam scanning to create images of two‐dimensional tissue morphology (B‐mode). Endoscopic OCT imaging probes typically employ proximal or distal mechanical beam scanning mechanisms that increase cost, complexity, and size. Here, we demonstrate in the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of unsedated human patients, that a passive, single‐fiber probe can be used to guide device placement, conduct device−tissue physical contact sensing, and obtain two‐dimensional OCT images via M‐to‐B‐mode conversion.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/lsm.23576

Passively scanned, single‐fiber optical coherence tomography probes for gastrointestinal devices

Optical coherence tomography is a well-known technique for the optical imaging biological tissues. However, the depth scanning range of high-resolution optical coherence tomography is restricted by its depth of focus. In this study, a Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) Microlens Array (MLA) is employed to overcome the depth-of-focus limitation of optical coherence tomography. The ZnSe material with a low Abbe number and high chromatic dispersion extends the depth of focus with transverse resolution. The ZnSe MLA focused the incident light (from visible to near-infrared (NIR) region) on multiple focal planes with the uniform distribution of light over a biological tissue. The MLA is designed using Zemax OpticStudio software and fabricated via a single-point diamond-turning based on Slow Tool Servo (STS) configuration. STS machining has the unique advantage of offering larger degrees of freedom with no additional baggage, thereby reducing the setup time. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the STS machining process in fabricating ZnSe MLA with desired accuracies. The characterization of fabricated MLA using Coherence Correlation Interferometry (CCI) depicts uniform lenslets with no structural and positional distortion, with a total error of 32 nm within the tolerance limit.

/pdf/optical-design-and-fabrication-of-zinc-selenide-microlens-1y2byjcz.pdf

Optical design and fabrication of zinc selenide microlens array with extended depth of focus for biomedical imaging

Barrett's esophagus (BE) is the precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), and is caused by chronic gastroesophageal reflux. BE can progress over time from metaplasia to dysplasia, and eventually to EAC. EAC is associated with a poor prognosis, often due to advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. However, if BE is diagnosed early, pharmacologic and endoscopic treatments can prevent progression to EAC. The current standard of care for BE surveillance utilizes the Seattle protocol. Unfortunately, a sizable proportion of early EAC and BE-related high-grade dysplasia (HGD) are missed due to poor adherence to the Seattle protocol and sampling errors. New modalities using artificial intelligence (AI) have been proposed to improve the detection of early EAC and BE-related HGD. This review will focus on AI technology and its application to various endoscopic modalities such as high-definition white light endoscopy, narrow-band imaging, and volumetric laser endomicroscopy.

Advanced endoscopic imaging for detection of Barrett's esophagus.

Feasibility and Safety of Tethered Capsule Endomicroscopy in Patients With Barrett's Esophagus in a Multi-Center Study.

Tethered capsule endomicroscopy (TCE) is a recently developed form of in vivo microscopy based on optical coherence tomography (OCT). With TCE, a small tethered pill is swallowed, procuring high resolution microscopic images of the esophageal wall. TCE does not require sedation and is thus a more rapid and convenient procedure comparing to traditional endoscopic examination. Our group and others have successfully conducted OCT-TCE in pilot, single-center studies that demonstrated the potential of this technology for upper GI tract diagnosis. Here, we demonstrate and evaluate the feasibility and safety of a next generation OCT-TCE system and device in patients with Barrett’s esophagus (BE) and report the initial longitudinal analysis of the natural history of BE. 

Feasibility and safety of tethered capsule endomicroscopy in studying the natural history of Barrett’s esophagus: a multi-center study

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Feasibility and Safety of Tethered Capsule Endomicroscopy in Patients With Barrett's Esophagus in a Multi-Center Study.

Feasibility and safety of tethered capsule endomicroscopy in studying the natural history of Barrett’s esophagus: a multi-center study