Most studies about social play have focused on its function in aiding socialization. It is not known whether play patterns vary by species according to specific adult social relationships. To test whether there is covariation between the form of play interactions and adult relationships, we studied social play in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and crested macaques (Macaca nigra). Comparative studies have shown that whereas low levels of tolerance and strict hierarchies characterize Japanese macaques, crested macaques display greater tolerance and relaxed dominance. The results showed that the former prefer less risky games, with minimal physical contact, ease of escape and a small number of play partners. The play bouts of the latter species involve closer contact and more partners. We conclude that play patterns covary with specific social style. Play patterns could have been selected for to introduce youngsters to their future social environment.

Social play in crested and Japanese macaques: testing the covariation hypothesis.

Behavioral research is increasingly a part of species conservation, yet the debate over its relevance to conservation continues. We use New Zealand—a world leader in conservation management—as a case study to illustrate the integration of behavior and conservation. Advanced through adaptive management, conceptual behavioral research has been critical to the recovery of many threatened New Zealand species, and the percentage of published research addressing behavioral questions while being applied to conservation has grown considerably in the last 16 years. Much of this research has been incorporated directly into recovery plans for threatened species. Examples range from the cross-fostering of endangered native birds to behavioral plasticity of native fauna in the face of invasive rodents, to mating systems and potential control measures for invasive species. Our case studies not only address major themes in behavior but also provide reason for optimism about the future of the fledgling field of ...

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1641/B580513

The Debate on Behavior in Conservation: New Zealand Integrates Theory with Practice

The Psittaciformes are a large order of landbirds comprising over 350 species in about 83 genera. In 2009, 141 published studies implicated parrots as research subjects; in 31 of these studies, 483 individuals from 45 different species could be considered laboratory animals. Amazons and budgerigars were by far the most represented psittacine species. The laboratory research topics were categorized as either veterinary medicine and diagnostics (bacteriology, hematology, morphology, and reproduction; 45%) or behavioral and sensory studies (behavior, acoustics, and vision; 17%). Confinement of psittacine species for research purposes is a matter of concern as scientifically based species-specific housing guidelines are scarce. The aim of this article is to provide scientific information relevant to the laboratory confinement of Psittaciformes to promote the refinement of acquisition, housing, and maintenance practices of these birds as laboratory animals. We briefly discuss systematics, geographical distribution, legislation, and conservation status as background information on laboratory parrot confinement. The following section presents welfare concerns related to captive containment (including domestication status) and psittacine cognition. We then discuss considerations in the acquisition of laboratory parrots and review important management issues such as nutrition, zoonoses, housing, and environmental enrichment. The final section reviews indications of distress and compromised welfare.

/pdf/guidelines-and-ethical-considerations-for-housing-and-3sfjw13fcq.pdf

Guidelines and ethical considerations for housing and management of psittacine birds used in research.

https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/78237926/Applan_D_15_320R1_ed.pdf

Environmental enrichment for parrot species: Are we squawking up the wrong tree?

Climate warming, in particular in island environments, where opportunities for species to disperse are limited, may become a serious threat to cold adapted alpine species. In order to understand how alpine species may respond to a warming world, we need to understand the drivers that have shaped their habitat specialisation and the evolutionary adaptations that allow them to utilize alpine habitats. The endemic, endangered New Zealand kea (Nestor notabilis) is considered the only alpine parrot in the world. As a species commonly found in the alpine zone it may be highly susceptible to climate warming. But is it a true alpine specialist? Is its evolution driven by adaptation to the alpine zone, or is the kea an open habitat generalist that simply uses the alpine zone to, for example, avoid lower lying anthropogenic landscapes? We use whole genome data of the kea and its close, forest adapted sister species, the kākā (Nestor meridionalis) to reconstruct the evolutionary history of both species and identify the functional genomic differences that underlie their habitat specialisations. Our analyses do not identify major functional genomic differences between kea and kākā in pathways associated with high-altitude. Rather, we found evidence that selective pressures on adaptations commonly found in alpine species are present in both Nestor species, suggesting that selection for alpine adaptations has not driven their divergence. Strongly divergent demographic responses to past climate warming between the species nevertheless highlight potential future threats to kea survival in a warming world.

Evolution of the “world’s only alpine parrot”: Genomic adaptation or phenotypic plasticity, behaviour and ecology?

The play behaviour of the critically endangered kakapo (Strigops habroptilus; Aves: Psittaciformes: Psittacidae) is here compared to that of its closest relatives, the kea (Nestor notabilis) and the kaka (Nestor meridionalis). Contrasting kakapos, which are relatively solitary, with the more social Nestor parrots provides an attractive test of the relative contributions of phylogeny and sociality to the evolution of play. Overlapping cluster analysis of play sequences using a hypergeometric similarity metric indicated that kakapo play is generally less complex, lacking the intensity, duration, structure, and reciprocity of play in the Nestor parrots. Kakapos have a later age of first reproduction than the comparison species, but they lack the well-developed social interactions between post-fledging young and adults that are characteristic of keas and kakas. Social play in parrots appears to be most readily predicted from their patterns of social development, emerging within a constellation of behaviours associated with independent young that remain in the vicinity of adult groups.

/pdf/social-play-in-kakapo-strigops-habroptilus-with-comparisons-309cgcb2so.pdf

Social play in kakapo ( Strigops habroptilus ) with comparisons to kea ( Nestor notabilis ) and kaka ( Nestor meridionalis )

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Social play in kakapo ( Strigops habroptilus ) with comparisons to kea ( Nestor notabilis ) and kaka ( Nestor meridionalis )