Roadside Geology of South Dakota

A botanical survey of the Black Hill of South Dakota

Space use and movement patterns of translocated bighorn sheep

DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES THAT BALANCE CATTLE AND TIMBER PRODUCTION WITH ECOLOGICAL INTERESTS IN THE BLACK HILLS OF SOUTH DAKOTA

Developing management guidelines that balance cattle and timber production with ecological interests in the Black Hills of South Dakota

Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis) historically inhabited the Black Hills region of South Dakota, but the species was extirpated from the area in the early 1900s concurrent with declines in population throughout their entire North American range. Translocation is a common management tool allowing for accelerated colonization of historic Bighorn Sheep habitat, but many attempts are unsuccessful. Mountain Lions (Puma concolor) and pneumonia are generally considered the most common limiting factors to Bighorn Sheep populations. Twenty-six Bighorn Sheep were translocated from Alberta, Canada to the Deadwood region of the northern Black Hills, an area with both a resident Mountain Lion population and potential for contact with Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries) and Goats (Capra hircus), known carriers of pathogens that are lethal to Bighorn Sheep. Adult survival and natality increased the population substantially in year 1, however, the only breeding-age male was euthanized owing to concerns about potential for pathogen transmission from Domestic Sheep and Goats. In year 2, the population experienced a pneumonia outbreak, resulting in 57.9% of all mortalities during the study period. Mountain Lion predation was not detected, nor was direct contact with Domestic Sheep or Goats observed. Intensive monitoring was critical in determining the outcome of the translocation.

https://bioone.org/journals/northwestern-naturalist/volume-99/issue-3/NWN18-06.1/Survival-of-Translocated-Bighorn-Sheep-In-the-Deadwood-Region-of/10.1898/NWN18-06.1.pdf

Survival of Translocated Bighorn Sheep In the Deadwood Region of the Black Hills, South Dakota

/pdf/monitoring-meadows-with-a-modified-robel-pole-in-the-2yle2855ca.pdf

Monitoring Meadows with a Modified Robel Pole in the Northern Black Hills, South Dakota

A modified Robel pole and vegetation clipping were used to collect visual obstruction readings (VOR) data in the southern Black Hills, South Dakota. The objectives were to describe the mathematical relationship between VOR and standing vegetation; the resulting model was used to develop guidelines for monitoring vegetation and to estimate sample size. A linear relationship between VOR and standing vegetation was found with two segments in a piecewise model. Regression coefficients were highly significant (P ≤ 0.001). Standard error of the biomass mean estimate was 334 kg·ha -1 and vegetation ranged from 110 to 2490 kg·ha -1 with a mean of 1116 kg·ha -1 . Visually obstructed bands had a mean of 3.9 and ranged from 0.1 to 14.5. Cluster analyses identified a tall VOR category with an average standing vegetation potential of 1814 kg·ha -1 . A minimum of 4 transects (20 stations per transect) is recommended for monitoring areas 259 hectares (one section) or less to be within 20% of the mean at 80% confidence to estimate standing vegetation. The protocol developed to estimate standing vegetation is precise and easy to apply. This method provides needed information so that managers can develop guidelines based on bands, standing vegetation, or both to monitor livestock and wildlife use.

/pdf/estimating-standing-vegetation-with-a-modified-robel-pole-on-31brd87ajn.pdf

Estimating standing vegetation with a modified robel pole on meadows and grasslands in the southern black hills of south dakota

A multivariate statistical model related to plant succession was developed to classify seral stages and to monitor succession for sands-choppy sands ecological type in the Sand Hills region of Nebraska and South Dakota. This model can be used by range and wildlife managers to evaluate management alternatives by evaluating changes in plant species cover and frequency of occurrence within and between seral stages. Four seral stages (early to late plant succession) were quantitatively identified with an estimated 91% level of accuracy. Three plant species provide the information to assign seral stages and monitor trends based on index values (canopy cover (%) x frequency of occurrence (%)) for sand bluestem (Andropogon hallii Hack.), hairy grama (Bouteloua hisuta Lag.), and little bluestem (Schizachrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash). Measurement of these three plant species is all that is required for the model.

/pdf/ecological-model-for-seral-stage-classification-and-42pny6mcnw.pdf

Ecological model for seral stage classification and monitoring for sands-choppy sands ecological type in nebraska and south dakota

Stem heights of green ash and American elm saplings and five shrub species were measured over 25 years with two treatments, 1) livestock present and 2) livestock excluded from woodland draws in western North Dakota. Heights of green ash and American elm saplings and Saskatoon serviceberry, spiny current, and western snowberry increased when livestock were excluded. Common chokecherry was taller throughout the 25-year period on the grazed treatment. Wood’s rose was the exception and decreased overall under both treatments, but was generally taller on the ungrazed treatment. Significant differences in stem heights were observed between treatments within 3-4 years after livestock were excluded; wildlife could graze both treatments. All American elm saplings died within livestock grazed sites during the study, but heights increased 22% over this period when livestock were excluded. Green ash saplings experienced a growth rate five times greater when cattle were excluded. Saskatoon serviceberry and common chokecherry experienced stem growth rates 2-5 times greater, respectively, when livestock were excluded.

/pdf/tree-sapling-and-shrub-heights-after-25-years-of-livestock-220c1ujqw9.pdf

Tree sapling and shrub heights after 25 years of livestock grazing in green ash draws in western north dakota

Baker, has a limited distribution that includes northwestern Montana, the upper panhandle of Idaho, far northeastern Washington, and small areas in southern British Columbia and Alberta (Fiedler and Zebell 2003). Three other species of Calochortus with mostly glabrous petals, erect capsules, and larger flowers (Calochortus nuttallii T. & G., C. gunnisonii Wats., and C. eurycarpus Wats.) occur in Wyoming, sometimes in similar habitats; however, C. apiculatus, with smaller flowers, strongly nodding capsules, and pubescent petals, has not previously been reported from the Black Hills of South Dakota or Wyoming (D. Ode, botanist, South Dakota Natural Heritage Database, personal communication; B. Heidel, Wyoming Natural Diversity Database, personal communication). On 20 July 2004, the senior and 2nd authors observed more than 50 flowering and fruiting individuals of C. apiculatus while conducting surveys of sensitive plants in the Black Hills of northeastern Wyoming. Plants were observed and collected on level to slightly inclined (<10°) southto west-facing slopes in a dry, open Pinus ponderosa forest in association with Juniperus communis, Mahonia repens, Piptatherum pungens, Lupinus argenteus, and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi at an elevation of 1865 m. The locality was in Crook County, Wyoming, about 0.25 km northwest of the Wyoming–South Dakota border along Wagon Canyon Road (UTM NAD27, zone 13, 0575088E, 4906625N) in the NE1/4 NE1/4 sec 21, T50N, R60W, Old Baldy Mountain USGS Quadrangle. On 23 August 2004 the 3rd author returned and observed 2 plants with dehiscent fruits. Specimens collected for study (J.R. and S.A. Thomasson 3135) are deposited in the Elam Bartholomew Herbarium (FHKSC) at the Sternberg Museum of Natural History (FHKSC 33976 and 33977), the Black Hills State University Herbarium (BHSC), and the Rocky Mountain Herbarium (RM) at the University of Wyoming. The genus Calochortus (circa 67 species) is distributed from Guatemala and Mexico north to British Columbia and east as far as Nebraska, South Dakota, and Colorado. With California as a center of diversity, species have undergone extensive evolutionary adaptations and inhabit a wide variety of habitats from deserts to moist mountain forests. Recent studies of molecular phylogeny (cpDNA) have identified 7 geographically cohesive clades centered mostly in the California Floristic Province, but also including a Pacific Northwest clade of 17 species to which C. apiculatus belongs (Patterson and Givnish 2003). Of the 3 other species of Calochortus occurring in Wyoming, C. gunnisonii and C. nuttallii are found statewide in dry habitats from open grasslands to open slopes in montane forests and belong to the Great Basin–Rocky Mountains clade, while C. eurycarpus is restricted to grasslands and open coniferous forests in the northwest and belongs to the Pacific Northwest clade. Both C. apiculatus and C. eurycarpus have a base chromosome number of 10, and C. gunnisonii and C. nuttallii have a base number of 8 (Patterson and Givnish 2003). The 3 latter species exhibit the Mariposa floral syndrome with visually conspicuous, brightly colored flowers adapted to open conditions (Givnish and Patterson 2000), while C. apiculatus displays the cat’s ears floral syndrome in which flowers have pubescent inner petal surfaces (Ownbey 1940). Although the functional significance of the cat’s ears Western North American Naturalist 66(2), © 2006, pp. 251–253

/pdf/first-record-of-calochortus-apiculatus-liliaceae-in-wyoming-34j0rszaph.pdf

First record of calochortus apiculatus (liliaceae) in wyoming

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