Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) offer the possibilities to design solar cells with a large flexibility in shape, color, and transparency. DSC research groups have been established around the worl ...

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Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Preface.List of Contributors.1 Mechanistic Aspects of Metal-Catalyzed C,C- and C,X-Bond-Forming Reactions (Antonio M. Echavarren and Diego J. Cardenas).1.1 Mechanisms of Cross-Coupling Reactions.1.2 Formation of C,C-Bonds in the Palladium-Catalyzed alpha-Arylation of Carbonyl Compounds and Nitriles.1.3 Key Intermediates in the Formation of C-X (X = N, O, S) bonds in Metal-Catalyzed Reactions 251.3.1 Reductive Elimination of C-N, C-O, and C-S Bonds From Organopalladium(II) Complexes.1.4 Summary and Outlook.Abbreviations.References.2 Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions of Organoboron Compounds with Organic Halides (Norio Miyaura).2.1 Introduction.2.2 Advances in the Synthesis of Organoboron Compounds.2.3 Reaction Mechanism.2.4 Reaction Conditions.2.5 Side Reactions.2.6 Reactions of B-Alkyl Compounds.2.7 Reactions of B-Alkenyl Compounds.2.8 Reactions of B-Aryl Compounds.2.9 Reactions of B-Allyl and B-Alkynyl Compounds.2.10 Reactions Giving Ketones.2.11 Dimerization of Arylboronic Acids.2.12 N-, O-, and S-Arylation.Abbreviations.References.3 Organotin Reagents in Cross-Coupling Reactions (Terence N. Mitchell).3.1 Introduction.3.2 Mechanism and Methodology.3.3 Natural Product Synthesis.3.4 Organic Synthesis.3.5 Polymer Chemistry.3.6 Inorganic Synthesis.3.7 Conclusions.3.8 Experimental Procedures.Abbreviations.References.4 Organosilicon Compounds in Cross-Coupling Reactions (Scott E. Denmark and Ramzi F. Sweis).4.1 Introduction.4.2 Modern Organosilicon-Cross-Coupling.4.3 Mechanistic Studies in Silicon-Cross-Coupling.4.4 Applications to Total Synthesis.4.5 Summary and Outlook.4.6 Experimental Procedures.Abbreviations.References.5 Cross-Coupling of Organyl Halides with Alkenes: The Heck Reaction (Stefan Brase and Armin de Meijere).5.1 Introduction.5.2 Principles.5.3 Cascade Reactions and Multiple Couplings.5.4 Related Palladium-Catalyzed Reactions.5.5 Enantioselective Heck-Type Reactions.5.6 Syntheses of Heterocycles, Natural Products and Other Biologically Active Compounds Applying Heck Reactions.5.7 Carbopalladation Reactions in Solid-Phase Syntheses.5.8 The Heck Reaction in Fine Chemicals Syntheses.5.9 Conclusions.5.10 Experimental Procedures.Acknowledgments.Abbreviations and Acronyms.References.6 Cross-Coupling Reactions to sp Carbon Atoms (Jeremiah A. Marsden and Michael M. Haley).6.1 Introduction.6.2 Alkynylcopper Reagents.6.3 Alkynyltin Reagents.6.4 Alkynylzinc Reagents.6.5 Alkynylboron Reagents.6.6 Alkynylsilicon Reagents.6.7 Alkynylmagnesium Reagents.6.8 Other Alkynylmetals.6.9 Concluding Remarks.6.10 Experimental Procedures.Acknowledgments.Abbreviations and Acronyms.References.7 Carbometallation Reactions (Ilan Marek, Nicka Chinkov, and Daniella Banon-Tenne).7.1 Introduction.7.2 Carbometallation Reactions of Alkynes.7.3 Carbometallation Reactions of Alkenes.7.4 Zinc-Enolate Carbometallation Reactions.7.5 Carbometallation Reactions of Dienes and Enynes.7.6 Carbometallation Reactions of Allenes.7.7 Conclusions.7.8 Experimental Procedures.Acknowledgments.References.8 Palladium-Catalyzed 1,4-Additions to Conjugated Dienes (Jan-E. Backvall).8.1 Introduction.8.2 Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Reactions.8.3 Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Reactions.References.9 Cross-Coupling Reactions via PI-Allylmetal Intermediates (Uli Kazmaier and Matthias Pohlman)9.1 Introduction.9.2 Palladium-Catalyzed Allylic Alkylations.9.3 Allylic Alkylations with Other Transition Metals.9.4 Experimental Procedures.Abbreviations.References.10 Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions of Propargyl Compounds (Jiro Tsuji and Tadakatsu Mandai).10.1 Introduction.10.2 Classification of Pd-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions of Propargyl Compounds.10.3 Reactions with Insertion into the sp2 Carbon Bond of Allenylpalladium Intermediates (Type I).10.4 Transformations via Transmetallation of Allenylpalladium Intermediates and Related Reactions (Type II).10.5 Reactions with Attack of Soft Carbon and Oxo Nucleophiles on the sp-Carbon of Allenylpalladium Intermediates (Type III).10.6 Experimental Procedures.Abbreviations.References.11 Carbon-Carbon Bond-Forming Reactions Mediated by Organozinc Reagents (Paul Knochel, M. Isabel Calaza, and Eike Hupe).11.1 Introduction.11.2 Methods of Preparation of Zinc Organometallics.11.3 Uncatalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions.11.4 Copper-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions.11.5 Transition Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions.11.6 Conclusions.11.7 Experimental Procedures.Abbreviations.References.12 Carbon-Carbon Bond-Forming Reactions Mediated by Organomagnesium Reagents (Paul Knochel, Ioannis Sapountzis, and Nina Gommermann).12.1 Introduction.12.2 Preparation of Polyfunctionalized Organomagnesium Reagents via a Halogen-Magnesium Exchange.12.3 Conclusions.12.4 Experimental Procedures.References.13 Palladium-Catalyzed Aromatic Carbon-Nitrogen Bond Formation (Lei Jiang and Stephen L. Buchwald).13.1 Introduction.13.2 Mechanistic Studies.13.3 General Features.13.4 Palladium-Catalyzed C-N Bond Formation.13.5 Vinylation.13.6 Amination On Solid Support.13.7 Conclusion.13.8 Representative Experimental Procedures.References.14 The Directed ortho-Metallation (DoM) Cross-Coupling Nexus. Synthetic Methodology for the Formation of Aryl-Aryl and Aryl-Heteroatom-Aryl Bonds (Eric J.-G. Anctil and Victor Snieckus).14.1 Introduction.14.2 The Aim of this Chapter.14.3 Synthetic Methodology derived from the DoM-Cross-Coupling Nexus.14.4 Applications of DoM in Synthesis.14.5 Conclusions and Prognosis.14.6 Selected Experimental Procedures.Abbreviations.References and Notes.15 Palladium- or Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling with Organometals Containing Zinc, Aluminum, and Zirconium: The Negishi Coupling (Ei-ichi Negishi, Xingzhong Zeng, Ze Tan, Mingxing Qian, Qian Hu, and Zhihong Huang).15.1 Introduction and General Discussion of Changeable Parameters.15.2 Recent Developments in the Negishi Coupling and Related Pd- or Ni-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions.15.3 Summary and Conclusions.15.4 Representative Experimental Procedures.References.Index.

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Metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions

Although fire is now rarely used in synthetic chemistry, it was not until Robert Bunsen invented the burner in 1855 that the energy from this heat source could be applied to a reaction vessel in a focused manner. The Bunsen burner was later superseded by the isomantle, oil bath, or hot plate as a source for applying heat to a chemical reaction. In the past few years, heating and driving chemical reactions by microwave energy has been an increasingly popular theme in the scientific community. This nonclassical heating technique is slowly moving from a laboratory curiosity to an established technique that is heavily used in both academia and industry. The efficiency of "microwave flash heating" in dramatically reducing reaction times (from days and hours to minutes and seconds) is just one of the many advantages. This Review highlights recent applications of controlled microwave heating in modern organic synthesis, and discusses some of the underlying phenomena and issues involved.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/anie.200400655

Controlled microwave heating in modern organic synthesis.

Microwave assisted organic synthesis-a review

A review was presented to demonstrate a historical description of the synthesis of light-emitting conjugated polymers for applications in electroluminescent devices. Electroluminescence (EL) was first reported in poly(para-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) in 1990 and researchers continued to make significant efforts to develop conjugated materials as the active units in light-emitting devices (LED) to be used in display applications. Conjugated oligomers were used as luminescent materials and as models for conjugated polymers in the review. Oligomers were used to demonstrate a structure and property relationship to determine a key polymer property or to demonstrate a technique that was to be applied to polymers. The review focused on demonstrating the way polymer structures were made and the way their properties were controlled by intelligent and rational and synthetic design.

Synthesis of Light-Emitting Conjugated Polymers for Applications in Electroluminescent Devices

In this report, we present the results of our investigations into the elucidation of the chemical structure of moieties responsible for the blue and green luminescence of CDs derived from the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of citric acid in the presence of urea. The molecular fluorophore that forms during the synthesis of green fluorescing CDs is 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyridine-1,3,6(2H,5H)-trione (HPPT).

Luminescence phenomena of carbon dots derived from citric acid and urea – a molecular insight

A new way of creating cellular polyurethane materials: NIPU foams

A series of novel fluorescent compounds was isolated from condensation mixtures of citric acid and specific β-amines. Their chemical structure was determined using 1H, 13C and HSQC experiments, elemental analysis data, high resolution and fragmentation spectra ESI-MS analyses. These compounds consisted of five-membered ring fused 2-pyridones. The fluorophores exhibited quantum yields as high as 79%.

Novel efficient fluorophores synthesized from citric acid

Condensation of salicyaldehyde or its derivatives with various derivatives of ethyl acetate in the presence of piperidine leads to the synthesis of coumarins by a solvent free reaction under microwave irradiation.

Coumarins: Fast Synthesis by Knoevenagel Condensation under Microwave Irradiation

1 Preface 2 Interaction of microwaves with different materials 3 Microwave effect vs thermal effect 31 Thermal activation during microwave irradiation 32 Non-thermal activation during microwave irradiation 4 Microwave equipment 41 Microwave generators 42 Transmission lines (waveguides) 43 Microwave applicators (cavities) 44 Microwave reactors 45 Temperature monitoring 46 Reaction vessels and glassware 5 Techniques for conducting chemical reactions under microwave irradiation 6 Safety precautions on the application of microwaves in laboratory 7 Reactions under microwave conditions 71 Reactions in homogenous media 72 Reactions of reagents supported on mineral supports 73 Solid-liquid solvent-free phase transfer catalysis (PTC) reactions 74 Reactions of neat reagents 75 Polymerization reactions 8 Concluding remarks

Microwave-assisted organic synthesis : one hundred reaction procedures

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