Contradictory conclusions may arise when assessing liquefaction resistance of sands based on penetration tests and shear wave velocity. To provide a more unified analysis framework, this letter couples cyclic stress and cyclic strain based analysis of liquefaction triggering using site-specific correlations between penetration resistance and small strain shear modulus from shear wave velocity using the seismic cone tests. Cyclic strain theory provides a robust lower limit to liquefaction resistance, and analyses indicate that relatively high ratios of small strain stiffness to penetration resistance lead to high liquefaction resistance at relatively low cyclic stress ratios. The increased resistance to liquefaction from relatively high stiffness values is suspected to break down at higher cyclic stress ratios, where liquefaction resistance is controlled by the potential for soil to dilate, which correlates well with effective stress normalised cone tip resistance. The analysis framework is in general agre...

/pdf/linking-cyclic-stress-and-cyclic-strain-based-methods-for-5gssfns9kz.pdf

Linking cyclic stress and cyclic strain based methods for assessment of cyclic liquefaction triggering in sands

The liquefaction potential of clean and silty sands is examined on the basis of the field measurement of the shear-wave velocity, Vs. The starting point is the database of 225 case histories supporting the Andrus-Stokoe Vs-based liquefaction chart for sands, silts, and gravels. Only clean and silty sands with nonplastic fines are considered, resulting in a reduced database of 110 case histories, which are plotted separately by type of deposit. A line of constant cyclic shear strain, γcl≈0.03%, is recommended for liquefaction evaluation of recent uncompacted clean and silty sand fills and earthquake magnitude, Mw=7.5. The geologically recent natural silty sand sites in the Imperial Valley of southern California have significantly higher liquefaction resistance as a result of preshaking caused by the high seismic activity in the valley. A line of constant cyclic shear strain, γcl≈0.1–0.2%, is recommended for practical use in the Imperial Valley. Additional research including revisiting available Vs-...

/pdf/liquefaction-potential-of-recent-fills-versus-natural-sands-50v4tg32ob.pdf

Liquefaction potential of recent fills versus natural sands located in high-seismicity regions using shear-wave velocity

:Liquefaction potential of four Pleistocene beach sand deposits in the Greater Charleston area, South Carolina, is assessed. The assessment is based on a review of 51 sites of conspicuous craterlets and horizontal ground displacement that occurred in beach sand deposits during the 1886 Charleston earthquake and an analysis of 82 seismic cone penetration tests with pore-pressure measurements. Of the 51 ground failure sites, 23 are associated with the Ten Mile Hill beds; 13 with the Wando Formation; 13 with the Silver Bluff terrace and younger deposits that lie adjacent to the harbor, rivers, and creeks; and two with the Ladson Formation. Liquefaction potential is analyzed using the seismic cone data with and without correction for age-related processes (diagenesis) and then expressed in terms of the liquefaction potential index (LPI). Probability curves are developed from the LPI calculations for different earthquake ground-shaking parameters. The probability curves for the Wando Formation overpred...

Liquefaction Potential Assessment of Pleistocene Beach Sands near Charleston, South Carolina

A field investigation was performed to retest liquefaction and nonliquefaction sites from the 1976 Tangshan earthquake in China. These sites were carefully investigated in 1978 and 1979 by using standard penetration test (SPT) and cone penetration test (CPT) equipment; however, the CPT measurements are obsolete because of the now nonstandard cone that was used at the time. In 2007, a modern cone was mobilized to retest 18 selected sites that are particularly important because of the intense ground shaking they sustained despite their high fines content and/or because the site did not liquefy. Of the sites reinvestigated and carefully reprocessed, 13 were considered accurate representative case histories. Two of the sites that were originally investigated for liquefaction have been reinvestigated for cyclic failure of fine-grained soil and removed from consideration for liquefaction triggering. The most important outcome of these field investigations was the collection of more accurate data for three nonliquefaction sites that experienced intense ground shaking. Data for these three case histories is now included in an area of the liquefaction triggering database that was poorly populated and will help constrain the upper bound of future liquefaction triggering curves.

/pdf/retesting-of-liquefaction-and-nonliquefaction-case-histories-3fg80kc2ia.pdf

Retesting of Liquefaction and Nonliquefaction Case Histories from the 1976 Tangshan Earthquake

State of the art in the assessment of aging effects on soil liquefaction

This paper describes laboratory-based liquefaction testing of aged soil deposits to address the need for quantifying the influence of aging on liquefaction potential. The in situ aging of liquefiable soil deposits has been qualitatively shown to result in an increase in liquefaction resistance. For example, Pleistocene age sandy soils will generally have a higher resistance to seismic induced liquefaction than similar sandy soils of Holocene age. However, a quantitative measure of this liquefaction resistance increase for use in liquefaction analysis is still unrealized. Cyclic simple shear testing is used in this study to systematically quantify the influence of aging on liquefaction potential. The influence of aging is then measured as the difference between liquefaction triggering of an aged sample versus a similar reconstituted sample. Uncertainly in the field and lab testing results is explicitly defined in a probabilistic manner so that the age-based correction factor can be used in performance-based analysis. Preliminary results from this ongoing research project are presented.

Influence of Aging on Liquefaction Potential: Preliminary Results

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Influence of Aging on Liquefaction Potential: Preliminary Results