Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and fatal interstitial pneumonia with unknown pathogenesis. Early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention are essential for improving the prognosis of patients with IPF. The level of nitric oxide upregulates in the alveoli of IPF patients, which is correlated with the severity of the disease. Herein, we report a fluorescent probe DCM-nitric oxide (NO) to detect IPF by monitoring the concentration changes of NO. This probe displays a fast response time and a good linear response to NO in vitro. Fluorescence imaging experiments with probe DCM-NO revealed that the level of intracellular NO increases in the pulmonary fibrosis cells and IPF mice models. Probe DCM-NO displayed a strong red fluorescence in IPF mice models. However, a declining fluorescence was evidenced in the OFEV-treated IPF mice, implying that DCM-NO is capable of evaluating the therapeutic effects on IPF. Thus, probe DCM-NO can quickly predict the progression of pulmonary fibrosis at an early stage and thus help improve the effective treatment.

Evaluation of Nitric Oxide Fluctuation Via a Fast, Responsive Fluorescent Probe in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Cells and Mice Models.

Organelles, crucial components within eukaryotic cells, play a vital role in sustaining normal physiological functions and cellular activities. The physiological role of a biomolecule in a cell is not only related to its concentration but also to its location within the cell. Misplacement of biomolecules within the cell can disrupt normal cellular functions. To comprehend the pathological impact of organelles and their associated signaling molecules in diseases, multiple assays have been devised to measure diverse organelle biomarkers. Small-molecule fluorescent probes, with advantages like high sensitivity, spatiotemporal resolution, reproducibility, and low toxicity, play an irreplaceable role in real-time, in situ biomarker imaging. Recently, the focus has shifted towards utilizing organelle-targeted fluorescent probes to identify pertinent biomarkers in diverse human diseases. This work reviews recent advancements in organelle-targeted small-molecule fluorescent probes, with a focus on their chemical structures, detection mechanisms, and applications. 

Advances in fluorescent probes for targeting organelles: Design strategies, applications and perspectives

Neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies have made significant progress in cancer treatment. However, tumor adjuvant therapy still faces challenges due to the intrinsic heterogeneity of cancer, genomic instability, and the formation of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Functional materials possess unique biological properties such as long circulation times, tumor-specific targeting, and immunomodulation. The combination of functional materials with natural substances and nanotechnology has led to the development of smart biomaterials with multiple functions, high biocompatibilities, and negligible immunogenicities, which can be used for precise cancer treatment. Recently, subcellular structure-targeting functional materials have received particular attention in various biomedical applications including the diagnosis, sensing, and imaging of tumors and drug delivery. Subcellular organelle-targeting materials can precisely accumulate therapeutic agents in organelles, considerably reduce the threshold dosages of therapeutic agents, and minimize drug-related side effects. This review provides a systematic and comprehensive overview of the research progress in subcellular organelle-targeted cancer therapy based on functional nanomaterials. Moreover, it explains the challenges and prospects of subcellular organelle-targeting functional materials in precision oncology. We believe that our review will serve as an excellent cutting-edge guide for researchers in the field of subcellular organelle-targeted cancer therapy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Functional Materials for Subcellular Targeting Strategies in Cancer Therapy: Progress and Prospects.

Nucleus-targeting imaging and enhanced cytotoxicity based on naphthalimide derivatives

/pdf/recent-development-of-advanced-fluorescent-molecular-probes-5etyamkn.pdf

Recent Development of Advanced Fluorescent Molecular Probes for Organelle-Targeted Cell Imaging

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important cellular messenger molecule in the cardiovascular, nervous and immune systems. Real-time monitoring of NO activity in specific organelles of live cells is important to understand its biological function. In this work, a nucleus targetable ratiometric NO probe, Hoe-Rh-NO, is developed by linking Hoechst to rhodamine spirolactam. The Hoechst part conducts nucleus targeting and the rhodamine spirolactam senses NO. The two fluorophores constitute a NO switchable FRET system for ratiometric imaging. This newly developed probe Hoe-Rh-NO displays good nucleus targeting ability, high sensitivity and selectivity towards NO, low cytotoxicity and most importantly detects NO through ratiometric fluorescence imaging. By using Hoe-Rh-NO, we confirmed the presence of NO in the nucleus and detected endogenous NO during inflammation in cells and zebrafishes.

A nucleus targetable fluorescent probe for ratiometric imaging of endogenous NO in living cells and zebrafishes.

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A nucleus targetable fluorescent probe for ratiometric imaging of endogenous NO in living cells and zebrafishes.