The growing demand for clean and sustainable energy sources has led to the investigation of photocatalytic water splitting as a promising technology for hydrogen production. This study explores the potential of transition metal chalcogenides (sulfides, selenides and tellurides) and metal phosphides as highly efficient photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution through photocatalytic water splitting. Innovative techniques, like heteroatom doping, co-catalyst integration, heterojunction development, have successfully tackled challenges such as low conductivity restricted light adsorption. Our review article reveals that these materials exhibit exceptional photocatalytic activity due to their unique electronic and structural properties that facilitate the separation and transportation of electrons and holes. The use of these materials as cocatalysts also significantly enhances their hydrogen evolution activity. Additionally, the review delves into the existing challenges and future prospects. These results suggest that transition metal chalcogenides and phosphides hold great promise as highly effective photocatalysts for hydrogen production through water splitting, with potential implications for the development of sustainable and clean energy technologies. 

Transition metal chalcogenides and phosphides for photocatalytic H2 generation via water splitting: a critical review

A review of hydrogen production using TIO2-based photocatalyst in tandem solar cell

Hydrogen generation via semiconductor photocatalysts has gained significant attention as a sustainable fuel generation process. To demonstrate the performance of nanoscale core–shell heterostructure in photocatalytic hydrogen production, we have fabricated CdS nanorods coated with ZnS photocatalyst via wet-chemical reaction followed by deposition of ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets by photo reduction process. The effect of ZnS content and suitable amount of MoS2 loading over the visible-light induced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution was examined in Na2S and Na2SO3 aqueous solutions. Interestingly, it is apparent that a close connection (or heterojunction) between CdS and ZnS is believed to easily tunnel the charge carriers to the surplus surface states, making its electrons and holes energetically favourable to transfer from ZnS to MoS2 for photocatalytic reactions and subsequently, enhances the H2 evolution activity in CdS/ZnS type I core–shell heterostructures. The optimal MoS2 concentration is resolved to be 7 mol% and the subsequent visible-light induced H2 generation rate was 13589 μmol h−1g−1, which is 19 and 158 fold higher than pristine CdS and ZnS respectively. The probable photocatalytic mechanism of CdS/ZnS type I core–shell heterostructure with MoS2 cocatalyst is proposed. Our inexpensive and convenient preparation strategy may offer novel prospects in the engineering of desirable nanoheterostructures with better performance. 

CdS/ZnS core-shell nanorod heterostructures co-deposited with ultrathin MoS2 cocatalyst for competent hydrogen evolution under visible-light irradiation.

Construction of 3D/0D Sv-ReS2/ZnCdS hierarchical structure with improved interfacial charge transfer for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Abstract: CdS is one of the best semiconductor photocatalysts. However, photocorrosion will occur when CdS takes part in the photocatalytic system. The general solution is to add sacrificial reagents to inhibit this phenomenon. Even so, it can not maintain the stability of CdS. In order to improve the stability and efficiency of CdS in pure water, Ga-P electron exchange membrane was designed to modify its surface. Under radiation of visible light, a significant increase can be observed in hydrogen production activity. In the absence of Pt as electron transfer agent, the modification of Ga-P realizes decomposition of pure water from zero to one. At the same time, the hydrogen production rate is increased about 5 times with Pt and catalytic life is greatly extended. Through proof of controlled experiment, Ga-P electron exchange membrane can not only prolong the lifetime of photogenerated electrons, but also change the direction of electrons. The formation of a protective membrane makes composite photocatalyst improve the stability and enhance the photocatalytic activity. Based on the analysis of TEM, fluorescence lifetime, UV-Vis diffuse reflection and photocurrent response, the mechanism is analyzed from atomic radius, nuclear orbit and energy level. For homogeneous electronic band structure and XPS analysis, we determined that the binary catalyst formed an S-scheme heterojunction. The work provides a potential way to design a more efficient and stable composite photocatalyst in the future. And contributed to the development of S-scheme heterojunctions.

/pdf/cds-covered-with-ga-p-electron-exchange-membrane-for-25e31nv1.pdf

CdS Covered with Ga-P Electron Exchange Membrane for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Prodection

Photocatalysis provides an exciting solution to the current growing energy challenge. However, the activity and stability of photocatalysts are two important issues in photocatalytic applications. In this work, we have successfully developed an efficient and stable photocatalyst by loading ReS2 nanoparticles onto a CdS/ZnS heterojunction. After loading ReS2, there is a strong interaction between the CdS/ZnS heterojunction and ReS2, which accelerates the photogenerated charge migration and effectively inhibits the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. Accordingly, CdS/ZnS-ReS2 displays excellent photocatalytic activity and stability with the highest hydrogen production rate of 10 722 μmol g–1 h–1, which is approximately 178 times higher than that of the pure CdS and 5 times better than that of CdS/ZnS. This work not only facilitates solar energy conversion to improve photocatalytic activity and stability but also broadens the application of ReS2 as a cocatalyst.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsomega.2c08110

ReS2 Cocatalyst Improves the Hydrogen Production Performance of the CdS/ZnS Photocatalyst

Boosting photocatalytic rate via internal electric field on g-C3N4/CNT/ZnIn2S4-X S-scheme heterojunction nanocomposites

The malignant leakage of complex formations seriously restricts the drilling time and has become a major drilling technical problem that needs to be solved urgently at this stage. In particular, the malignant leakage of large fractures and fractured formations is difficult to construct, and the success rate of plugging is low. In this paper, according to the above formation conditions, by analyzing the leakage mechanism of the malignant leakage formation, the method of plugging the large fractures and broken fractured formations is summarized. The adiabatic copolymerization co-hydrolysis method was used as the gel synthesis method, 2-methacrylic acid amide and acrylamide (AM) were used as the main raw materials, and the redox initiation system composed of sodium sulfate and sodium bisulfite was used as the initiator. Using its redox initiation characteristics, high-strength bonding between organic polymer covalent bonds was achieved by a self-made cross-linking agent; using the thermoplasticity of hot-melt adhesive, the initiator is wrapped in hot-melt adhesive particles to achieve high-temperature slow-release initiation, and finally, a gel plugging agent with good compatibility with drilling fluid, controllable gel formation time, stable gel formation, and good gel breaking performance was synthesized, which is suitable for severe lost circulation under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. A compatibility study of gel and common drilling fluid systems, the effect of temperature on gel formation, gel rheological properties under high temperature and high pressure, gel start-up pressure, and gel breakability tests were evaluated under laboratory conditions. The experimental results show that the gel has good compatibility with common drilling fluid systems; with the increase of temperature, the gel time of the gel plugging agent gradually decreases, and the gel time can be adjusted from 1 to 3 h at a high temperature of 150°C; when the concentration of the gel in the experimental slurry exceeds 2%, its rheological properties change abruptly; under certain conditions, the starting pressure of the gel can reach up to 6.5 MPa; and under the condition of 150°C, the gel breaking rate was over 98% after 24 h. Various experiments show that the gel’s performance meets the requirements for plugging malignant leakage formations, and the effect is good. Compared with traditional gel materials, the gel plugging agent synthesized in this paper has the characteristics of a simple configuration process and superior performance with drilling fluid, which provides a new idea for malignant leakage plugging.

Synthesis and evaluation of delayed anti-high temperature gel plugging agent

Review of Advances and Applications of Weighted Fracturing Fluid Technology

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ReS2 Cocatalyst Improves the Hydrogen Production Performance of the CdS/ZnS Photocatalyst

Boosting photocatalytic rate via internal electric field on g-C3N4/CNT/ZnIn2S4-X S-scheme heterojunction nanocomposites

Synthesis and evaluation of delayed anti-high temperature gel plugging agent

Review of Advances and Applications of Weighted Fracturing Fluid Technology