A communication infrastructure is an essential part to the success of the emerging smart grid. A scalable and pervasive communication infrastructure is crucial in both construction and operation of a smart grid. In this paper, we present the background and motivation of communication infrastructures in smart grid systems. We also summarize major requirements that smart grid communications must meet. From the experience of several industrial trials on smart grid with communication infrastructures, we expect that the traditional carbon fuel based power plants can cooperate with emerging distributed renewable energy such as wind, solar, etc, to reduce the carbon fuel consumption and consequent green house gas such as carbon dioxide emission. The consumers can minimize their expense on energy by adjusting their intelligent home appliance operations to avoid the peak hours and utilize the renewable energy instead. We further explore the challenges for a communication infrastructure as the part of a complex smart grid system. Since a smart grid system might have over millions of consumers and devices, the demand of its reliability and security is extremely critical. Through a communication infrastructure, a smart grid can improve power reliability and quality to eliminate electricity blackout. Security is a challenging issue since the on-going smart grid systems facing increasing vulnerabilities as more and more automation, remote monitoring/controlling and supervision entities are interconnected.

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1315&context=electricalengineeringfacpub

A Survey on Smart Grid CommunicationInfrastructures: Motivations, Requirements andChallenges

Currently, a huge number of photovoltaic plants have been installed worldwide and these plants should be carefully protected and supervised continually in order to be safe and reliable during their working lifetime. Photovoltaic plants are subject to different types of faults and failures, while available fault detection equipment are mainly used to protect and isolate the photovoltaic plants from some faults (such as arc fault, line-to-line, line-to-ground and ground faults). Although a good number of international standards (IEC, NEC, and UL) exists, undetectable faults continue to create serious problems in photovoltaic plants. Thus, designing smart equipment, including artificial intelligence and internet of things for remote sensing and fault detection and diagnosis of photovoltaic plants, will considerably solve the shortcomings of existing methods and commercialized equipment. This paper presents an overview of artificial intelligence and internet of things applications in photovoltaic plants. This research presents also the most advanced algorithms such as machine and deep learning, in terms of cost implementation, complexity, accuracy, software suitability, and feasibility of real-time applications. The embedding of artificial intelligence and internet of things techniques for fault detection and diagnosis into simple hardware, such as low-cost chips, may be economical and technically feasible for photovoltaic plants located in remote areas, with costly and challenging accessibility for maintenance. Challenging issues, recommendations, and trends of these techniques will also be presented in this paper.

Artificial intelligence and internet of things to improve efficacy of diagnosis and remote sensing of solar photovoltaic systems: Challenges, recommendations and future directions

Each diagonal of a bridge type converter comprises the serial interconnection of the two semi-conductor switches and a diode connected between a reference potential and the junction of the respective switches. By operating individuals or pairs of switches in various diagonals, outputs of zero, +E, +2E, -E, -2E across the load are achieved and by given sequence of these outputs stepwise synthesis of AC waveform is achieved. Protection of individual switches is gained by the claming action of the diodes preventing open circuit switch breakdown.

Bridge converter circuit

°CThe research significance of various scientific aspects of photovoltaic (PV) systems has increased over the past decade. Grid-tied inverters the vital elements for the effective interface of Renewable Energy Resources (RER) and utility in the distributed generation system. Currently, Single-Phase Transformerless Grid-Connected Photovoltaic (SPTG-CPV) inverters (1–10 kW) are undergoing further developments, with new designs, and interest of the solar market. In comparison to the transformer (TR) Galvanic Isolation (GI)-based inverters, its advantageous features are lower cost, lighter weight, smaller volume, higher efficiency, and less complexity. In this paper, a review of SPTG-CPV inverters has been carried out. The basic operational principles of all SPTG-CPV inverters are presented in details for positive, negative, and zero cycles. A comprehensive analysis of each topology has been deliberated. A comparative assessment is also performed based on weaknesses, strengths, component ratings, efficiency, total harmonic distortion (THD), semiconductor device losses, and leakage current of various SPTG-CPV inverters schemes. Typical PV inverter structures and control schemes for grid connected three-phase system and single-phase systems are also discussed, described, and reviewed. Comparison of various industrial grids-connected PV inverters is also performed. Loss analysis is also performed for various topologies at 1 kW. Selection of appropriate topologies for their particular application is thoroughly presented. Then, discussion and forthcoming progress are emphasized. Lastly, the conclusions are presented. More than 100 research publications on the topic of SPTG-CPV inverter topologies, configurations, and control schematics along with the recent developments are thoroughly reviewed and classified for quick reference.

A Review on Recent Advances and Future Trends of Transformerless Inverter Structures for Single-Phase Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems

IoT embedded systems network and sensors signal conditioning applied to decentralized photovoltaic plants

In PV systems grid-connected, we always have to work with power electronics modules. For safety, any design of power electronics converter should be simulated carefully in order to prevent from serious damages from high voltage, high current which can cause fire, explosion. By using hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation, we could make sure the converter would operate the right way, which is not always achieve on the real hardware design when the first attempt, so that we can reduce ricks and furthermore reduce product development time and cost. After success on simulation, it will be not much complex to implement the algorithm to the real hardware. This paper presents the process for designing the HERIC inverter by using PSIM software which can be simulate and generate the project code for implement to the floating point DSP: TMS320F28335. The HERIC (Highly Ef??cient and Reliable Inverter Concept) inverter is used in the design because of its advantages: high efficiency and safety by reducing the leakage ground current when the inverter is connected to the national grid without using a transformer. The algorithm was executed by the chip TMS320F28335 high performance up to 150MHz with a math-optimized core. The process produced in this paper can be applied for any design idea about a high power, high efficiency power electronics converter.

Design of HERIC inverter for PV systems by using hardware in the loop (HIL) concept

The fast grow of photovoltaic (PV) systems is making more green energy but also creating challenges on how to communicate in a large system with a lot of distribution solar sources when they all connect to the national grid. The communication becomes the important part for data acquisition in order to control the whole system stable and efficiency. To deal with this challenge, this paper presents a solution based on Zigbee and Ethernet communication standard. Zigbee standard was created to be a specification of a high level wireless communication protocol which is not only secure, reliable, simple but also low cost and low power. Zigbee is especially suitable for a large network with thousands of devices. So with Zigbee, we can create a communication network for hundreds to thousands of mini solar sources in a large scale of photovoltaic system. Ethernet is a high speed wired communication technology that is used widely in industrial and automatic applications. Together Zigbee and Ethernet bring to us a real-time communication solution for the system. In the experiment prototype of this paper, we use the CC2530ZNP-Mini Kit to create a simple network includes one coordinate and one end device for the first step. The end device was configured to get current and voltage values from a 3-phase gird-connected solar inverter 800Wpk and then send the values to the coordinate. After the coordinate received data, it would send them to an Ethernet controller board. This board was controlled by the STM32F407 chip which is based on the high-performance ARM®Cortex™-M4 32-bit RISC core operating at a frequency of up to 168 MHz. To display the data through Ethernet, we embedded a web server on the chip. By this way, the data was easy to visualize and supervised by using any web browser.

Real-time communication network solution based on Zigbee and Ethernet for photovoltaic systems

Common-mode voltage (CMV) is responsible for overvoltage stress to the winding insulation and bearing damage of an AC motor. High dv/dt of CMV causes leakage currents, which create noise problems to the equipments installed near the converter. This paper proposes modulation strategy for three-level T-type NPC that substantially eliminates CMV. The principles of selecting suitable triangle carrier signals for the T-type NPC is described. The proposed method can mitigate the peak value to 50% as compared to the conventional sinusoidal pulse width modulation method. The proposed modulation can be easily implemented in software without any additional hardware modifications. Both simulation and experimental results are shown to demonstrate that the new carrier-based PWM method can generate good performance of the output waveforms and provide CMV reduction.

The carrier - based PWM method to reduce common-mode voltage for three - level T - type neutral point clamp inverter

The efficiency is the important factor for the power converter that is used in photovoltaic application. This paper proposes a new SVPWM method for three - level TNPC topology to improve the efficiency by minimize the number of switching. The proposed method is based on the virtual flux vector. By applying proper non-zero voltage vectors, a quasi circle will be created. The performance of the converter and the comparison of different modulation methods are analyzed. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method provides high efficiency.

New space vector PWM method based on virtual flux vector for T-NPC inverter

This paper proposes the modified SVPWM control algorithm for the three-phase voltage source inverter, which consists of traditional six switches voltage source inverter and three bidirectional switches for creating the ac decoupling circuit. This topology has the advantages such as the ability to reduce the overall power losses in inverter system and beside that, to decrease the leakage ground current from PV panel (in case of photovoltaic systems) which is based on the principle of decoupling when the zero space vectors occur. For avoiding shoot-through states between six traditional switches and three bidirectional switches, a delay time has been inserted into switching time. The delay time has been controlled more complex to guarantee THD of output voltage, it's called three-step switching algorithm. In oder to demonstrate the feasibility of this algorithm, the operation of the inverter and the modified SVPWM method is simulated by using Matlab/Simulink software and implemented in the experimental prototype by using FPGA Virtex 5 (Xilinx).

The modified space vector PWM method for three-phase voltage source inverter with AC decoupling circuit

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