The aim was to validate driving behaviour in a simulated road tun Speed and lateral position of 20 subjects were measured in a real tunnel and in the same tunnel implemented in the VTI Driving Simulator. Driving speed was higher in the simulated tunnel than the real tunnel. Elimination of speed information from the speedometer caused a small speed increase in both situations. Als the difference between driving lanes was similar in both cases. T effects on speed variation was similar to that for speed level. Regarding lateral position, subjects positioned themselves somewh further away from the nearest tunnel wall in the real tunnel than the simulated tunnel. In both situations the distance to the near wall was greater when it was located to the left of the driver th on the opposite side. Lateral position deviation was about the sa when the road was straight, but on a curved section it was somewh greater for the simulated tunnel. Subjects reported that they fou it somewhat more difficult to keep the chosen speed in the simula tunnel. Other subjective differences between the real and the simulated tunnel were small. It is concluded that behavioural validity in absolute terms was not quite satisfactory, especially regarding choice of speed, whereas relative validity was good for both speed and lateral position. (A)

Driving behaviour in a real and a simulated road tunnel

In this study, we attempt to add to the literature of Connected and Automated Vehicle (CAV) security by incorporating the security vulnerabilities and countermeasures of the Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) and their access technologies. Compounding VANETs and modern vehicles will allow adversaries to gain access to the in-vehicle networks and take control of vehicles remotely to use them as a target or a foothold. Extensive attention has been given to the security breaches in VANETs and in-vehicle networks in literature but there is a gap in literature to assess the security vulnerabilities associated with VANETs access technologies. That is, in this paper we contribute to the CAV security literature in threefold. First, we synthesize the current literature in order to investigate security attacks and countermeasures on VANETs as an ad hoc network. Second, we survey security challenges that emerge from application of different VANETs access technologies. To augment this discussion, we investigate security solutions to thwart adversaries to compromise the access technologies. Third, we provide a detailed comparison of different access technologies performance, security challenges and propound heterogeneous technologies to achieve the highest security and best performance in VANETs. These access technologies extend from DSRC, Satellite Radio, and Bluetooth to VLC and 5G. The outcome of this study is of critical importance, because of two main reasons: (1) independent studies on security of VANETs on different strata need to come together and to be covered from a whole end-to-end system perspective, (2) adversaries taking control of the VANETs entities will compromise the safety, privacy, and security of the road users and will be followed by legal exposures, as well as data, time and monetary losses.

Survey on Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks and Its Access Technologies Security Vulnerabilities and Countermeasures.

This study investigates travelers’ perception of and response to travel time information and its reliability, in terms of their route choice behavior elicited through a full-scale medium-fidelity driving simulator and a stated preference (SP) survey. The driving simulator-based experiments are conducted using a 220 mi2 network in Maryland, and different scenarios of traffic and driving conditions, information provision, and reliability levels are considered. The network consists of three major routes between an origin and destination, one of which is a toll road. Travel time information for all alternative routes is provided using a variable message sign (VMS). Approximately 216 experiment runs are conducted using a sample of 65 participants from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. Binary and Multinomial logistic regression as well as Multinomial Probit models are used to analyze the collected data. The results illustrate that trip purpose, travel time reliability, and income are important determinants of drivers’ route choice and information-related compliance behaviors. Of key implications for the design of information dissemination services, the route choice behavior revealed through the driving simulator is shown to be significantly different from that stated in the survey questionnaire.

Comprehending the roles of traveler perception of travel time reliability on route choice behavior

Maryland State Highway Administration (SHA) has a rich data archive of the messages posted to the Dynamic Message Signs (DMS) and the time stamps when they were posted and taken down. The archive also contains traffic information surrounding the DMS signs, such as traffic volumes and speeds from various point or probe-based sensors. In this project, the research team used this data archive to study the impact of DMS messages on traffic conditions. Multiple Bluetooth sensors were deployed on a major travel corridor in the Baltimore Metropolitan Area to determine vehicle travel times and to monitor traffic diversions.

Evaluation of dynamic message signs and their potential impact on traffic flow : [research summary].

A single unit of information is an answer to any anticipated question a motorist may ask. Such questions include: “What happened? Where? What do I do?” This study, a first of its kind, analyzes the optimum number of units of information Dynamic Message Signs (DMSs) should display to influence driver speeding behavior. A 155-mi2 virtual road network of the Baltimore-Washington Parkway (MD-295) in Maryland was developed for use with a medium-fidelity driving simulator, and 65 participants took part in the study. Six scenarios featured DMSs displaying 2–7 units of information, interchangeably, and a total of 296 simulation sessions were conducted. Mean speeds are calculated over five different phases: the initial speed area, visible area, readable area, lost legibility area and post DMS area. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc analysis showed that participants tend to accelerate as soon as they lose sight of the DMS displaying 2–3 units of information and continue to do so after they pass the DMS. An ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis reveals that participants older than 55 slow down the most when they encounter DMSs with 6–7 units of information. Participants in the age group of 26–35 tend to increase speeds, especially when a DMS displays 2–4 units of information. This suggests that the comprehension time is low when there are fewer units of information on a DMS. Too little information may be unclear or ambiguous whereas too much may be hard to comprehend and cause drivers to slow down.

/pdf/units-of-information-on-dynamic-message-signs-a-speed-1yjmi25ijs.pdf

Units of information on dynamic message signs: a speed pattern analysis

The Potential Effects of Composition and Structure of Dynamic Message Sign Messages on Driver Behavior using a Driving Simulator

Impact of Level of Service (LOS) on the Driver’s Behavior on Arterials

This study investigates the potential effect(s) of different dynamic message signs (DMSs) on driver behavior using a full-scale high-fidelity driving simulator. Different DMSs are categorized by their content, structure, and type of messages. A random forest algorithm is used for three separate behavioral analyses—a route diversion analysis, a route choice analysis, and a compliance analysis—to identify the potential and relative influences of different DMSs on these aspects of driver behavior. A total of 390 simulation runs are conducted using a sample of 65 participants from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. Results obtained suggest that DMSs displaying lane closure and delay information with advisory messages are most influential with regards to diversion, while color-coded DMSs and DMSs with avoid route advice are the top contributors potentially impacting route choice decisions and DMS compliance. In this first-of-a-kind study, based on the responses to the pre- and post-simulation surveys as well as results obtained from the analysis of driving-simulation-session data, the authors found that color-coded DMSs are more effective than alphanumeric DMSs, especially in scenarios that demand high compliance from drivers. The increased effectiveness may be attributed to reduced comprehension time and ease with which such DMSs are understood by a greater percentage of road users.

https://www.mdpi.com/2413-8851/4/4/49/pdf

Comprehensive Analysis of Dynamic Message Sign Impact on Driver Behavior: A Random Forest Approach

This study investigates the potential effects of different Dynamic Message Signs (DMSs) on driver behavior using a full-scale high-fidelity driving simulator. Different DMSs are categorized by their content, structure, and type of messages. A random forest algorithm is used for three separate behavioral analyses; a route diversion analysis, a route choice analysis and a compliance analysis; to identify the potential and relative influences of different DMSs on these aspects of driver behavior. A total of 390 simulation runs are conducted using a sample of 65 participants from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. Results obtained suggest that DMSs displaying lane closure and delay information with advisory messages are most influential with regards to diversion while color-coded DMSs and DMSs with avoid route advice are the top contributors impacting route choice decisions and DMS compliance. In this first-of-a-kind study, based on the responses to the pre and post simulation surveys as well as results obtained from the analysis of driving-simulation-session data, the authors found that color-blind-friendly, color-coded DMSs are more effective than alphanumeric DMSs - especially in scenarios that demand high compliance from drivers. The increased effectiveness may be attributed to reduced comprehension time and ease with which such DMSs are understood by a greater percentage of road users.

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Units of information on dynamic message signs: a speed pattern analysis

The Potential Effects of Composition and Structure of Dynamic Message Sign Messages on Driver Behavior using a Driving Simulator

Impact of Level of Service (LOS) on the Driver’s Behavior on Arterials

Comprehensive Analysis of Dynamic Message Sign Impact on Driver Behavior: A Random Forest Approach

Comprehensive Analysis of Dynamic Message Sign Impact on Driver Behavior: A Random Forest Approach