https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/files/134652082/injecting.pdf

Global prevalence of injecting drug use and sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in people who inject drugs: a multistage systematic review

The United Nations Children's Fund, or UNICEF, was originally created to provide relief for children in countries devastated by the destruction of World War II. After 1950, UNICEF turned to focus on general programs for the improvement of children's welfare worldwide, and in 1965, it was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace for its humanitarian efforts. The organization concentrates on areas in which relatively small expenditures can have a significant impact on the lives of the most disadvantaged children in developing countries, such as the prevention and treatment of disease, child healthcare, malnutrition, illiteracy, and other welfare services.

The United Nations Children's Fund

Trust and people who inject drugs: The perspectives of clients and staff of Needle Syringe Programs

Introduction : Young key populations, defined in this article as men who have sex with men, transgender persons, people who sell sex and people who inject drugs, are at particularly high risk for HIV. Due to the often marginalized and sometimes criminalized status of young people who identify as members of key populations, there is a need for HIV prevention packages that account for the unique and challenging circumstances they face. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is likely to become an important element of combination prevention for many young key populations. Objective : In this paper, we discuss important challenges to HIV prevention among young key populations, identify key components of a tailored combination prevention package for this population and examine the role of PrEP in these prevention packages. Methods : We conducted a comprehensive review of the evidence to date on prevention strategies, challenges to prevention and combination prevention packages for young key populations. We focused specifically on the role of PrEP in these prevention packages and on young people under the age of 24, and 18 in particular. Results and discussion : Combination prevention packages that include effective, acceptable and scalable behavioural, structural and biologic interventions are needed for all key populations to prevent new HIV infections. Interventions in these packages should meaningfully involve beneficiaries in the design and implementation of the intervention, and take into account the context in which the intervention is being delivered to thoughtfully address issues of stigma and discrimination. These interventions will likely be most effective if implemented in conjunction with strategies to facilitate an enabling environment, including increasing access to HIV testing and health services for PrEP and other prevention strategies, decriminalizing key populations’ practices, increasing access to prevention and care, reducing stigma and discrimination, and fostering community empowerment. PrEP could offer a highly effective, time-limited primary prevention for young key populations if it is implemented in combination with other programs to increase access to health services and encourage the reliable use of PrEP while at risk of HIV exposure. Conclusions : Reductions in HIV incidence will only be achieved through the implementation of combinations of interventions that include biomedical and behavioural interventions, as well as components that address social, economic and other structural factors that influence HIV prevention and transmission. Keywords: HIV; key populations; combination prevention; pre exposure prophylaxis. To access the supplementary material to this article please see Supplementary Files in the column to the right (under Article Tools). (Published: 26 February 2015) Citation: Pettifor A et al. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2015, 18(Suppl 1) :19434 http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/19434 | http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.18.2.19434

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.7448/IAS.18.2.19434

Tailored combination prevention packages and PrEP for young key populations

This systematic review and meta-analysis compares incidence rates of diabetes and diabetic ketoacidosis among children and adolescents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2806712/dsouza_2023_oi_230628_1687536375.45897.pdf

Incidence of Diabetes in Children and Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background and Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant changes globally, which has also affected patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). This study aimed to determine the incidence of T1DM and the characteristics of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) during the pandemic comparing it to pre-pandemic period. Materials and Methods: Data from patients <19 years with newly diagnosed T1DM between 1st January 2017 and 31st December 2021 from four regional centers in Vojvodina were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Results: In 2021, the highest incidence of T1DM in the last five years was recorded, 17.3/100,000. During the pandemic period (2020–2021), there were 99 new-onset T1DM, of which 42.4% presented in DKA, which is significantly higher than in the pre-pandemic period (34.1%). During the pandemic, symptom duration of T1DM lasted significantly longer than before the COVID-19 period. At the age of 10–14 years, the highest incidence of T1DM and COVID-19, the highest frequency rate of DKA, and severe DKA were observed. Conclusions: The pandemic is associated with a high incidence rate of T1DM, longer duration of symptoms of T1DM, a high frequency of DKA, and a severe DKA at diagnosis. Patients aged 10–14 years are a risk group for the occurrence of T1DM with severe clinical presentation. Additional studies are needed with a longer study period and in a wider geographical area, with data on exposure to COVID-19 infection, the permanence of new-onset T1DM, and the psychosocial impact of the pandemic.

/pdf/incidence-of-type-1-diabetes-mellitus-and-characteristics-of-1cry7qlr.pdf

Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Characteristics of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Children and Adolescents during the First Two Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Vojvodina

Background: This study examines socio-demographic profiles, injecting risk, and use of health services among young injectors (15-24) in Albania, Moldova, Romania, and Serbia. The objective was to provide age-disaggregated data to identify differences between adolescents (<18) and youth (18-24), and help fill the gap in knowledge on the youngest injectors in this region. Methods: Cross sectional surveys were conducted in each country using chain-referral sampling to reach diverse networks of people who use drugs (PWID). In Albania and Romania, surveys were conducted in the capitals, respectively Bucharest and Tirana. Respondents were recruited from 3 cities in Moldova (Chisinau, Balti and Tiraspol) and Serbia (Belgrade, Novi Sad and Nis). Data were collected on risk behaviours, service use, and contact with police and other authorities. Analysis focused on associations between unsafe injecting behaviour and key determinants including demographic background, source of needles/syringes, use of harm reduction services, and interactions with law enforcement. Results: Although drug use and health-seeking varied across settings, sources of injecting equipment were significantly associated with sharing needles and syringes in Moldova, Romania and Serbia. Obtaining equipment from formal sources (pharmacies, needle-exchange programmes) reduced likelihood of sharing significantly, while being stopped by the police or incarcerated increased it. Adolescents relied on pharmacies more than public sector services to obtain equipment. Conclusion: Adolescents comprise a small proportion of PWID in this region, but have poorer access to harm reduction services than older peers. Engaging young PWID through private and public sector outlets might reduce unsafe practices, while use of the justice system to address drug use complicates efforts to reach this population.

Injecting Behaviour and Service Use among Young Injectors in Albania, Moldova, Romania and Serbia AUTHORS

Pandemic of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has had a great impact on various aspects of population health. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on sexual and reproductive health is often neglected. This study was aimed at assessing the impact of the crisis caused by COVID-19 on sexual and reproductive health, sex-related behaviours, access to sexual and reproductive health services and the quality of intrapersonal relationships. The online survey was implemented by the research team of the Institute of Public Health of Serbia "Dr Milan Jovanović Batut", on a single-stage stratified sample of 1006 respondents over the age of 18, in the period from 7 to 14 August 2021, with the support of the Ministry of Health and the Office of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) for Serbia, using the methodology developed by the Academic Network for Sexual and Reproductive Health led by the University of Ghent. Survey results show that the COVID-19 crisis had no major effect on sexual and reproductive health, sexual behaviours and access to sexual and reproductive health services for a vast majority of respondents, except when it comes to access to HIV-testing services, or services for testing for other STIs, as well as services related to cervical and breast cancer screening. A study of knowledge, risk perception, preventative behaviour and attitudes related to the COVID-19 pandemic can contribute significantly to the planning of preventative interventions, primarily in emergency situations, with the final objective of improving sexual and reproductive health of the Serbian population.

A study of knowledge, risk perception, preventative behaviours and attitudes regarding COVID-19 pandemic

Injecting behaviour and service use among young injectors in Albania, Moldova, Romania and Serbia

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Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Characteristics of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Children and Adolescents during the First Two Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Vojvodina

Injecting Behaviour and Service Use among Young Injectors in Albania, Moldova, Romania and Serbia AUTHORS

A study of knowledge, risk perception, preventative behaviours and attitudes regarding COVID-19 pandemic

Injecting behaviour and service use among young injectors in Albania, Moldova, Romania and Serbia