Transmission of COVID-19 virus by droplets and aerosols: A critical review on the unresolved dichotomy.

Circadian rhythms modulate nearly every mammalian physiological process. Chronic disruption of circadian timing in shift work or during chronic jet lag in animal models leads to a higher risk of several pathologies. Many of these conditions in both shift workers and experimental models share the common risk factor of inflammation. In this study, we show that experimentally induced circadian disruption altered innate immune responses. Endotoxemic shock induced by LPS was magnified, leading to hypothermia and death after four consecutive weekly 6-h phase advances of the light/dark schedule, with 89% mortality compared with 21% in unshifted control mice. This may be due to a heightened release of proinflammatory cytokines in response to LPS treatment in shifted animals. Isolated peritoneal macrophages harvested from shifted mice exhibited a similarly heightened response to LPS in vitro, indicating that these cells are a target for jet lag. Sleep deprivation and stress are known to alter immune function and are potential mediators of the effects we describe. However, polysomnographic recording in mice exposed to the shifting schedule revealed no sleep loss, and stress measures were not altered in shifted mice. In contrast, we observed altered or abolished rhythms in the expression of clock genes in the central clock, liver, thymus, and peritoneal macrophages in mice after chronic jet lag. We conclude that circadian disruption, but not sleep loss or stress, are associated with jet lag-related dysregulation of the innate immune system. Such immune changes might be a common mechanism for the myriad negative health effects of shift work.

Dysregulation of Inflammatory Responses by Chronic Circadian Disruption

Cancer Risks Associated With Germline Mutations in MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 Genes in Lynch Syndrome

A century of revolutionary growth in aviation has made global travel a reality of daily life. Aircraft and air transport overcame a number of formidable challenges and hostilities in the physical world. Success in this arduous pursuit was not without leveraging advances of the “cyber” layer, i.e., digital computing, data storage and networking, and software, in hardware, infrastructures, humans, and processes, within the airframe, in space, and on the ground. The physical world, however, is evolving continuously in the 21st century, contributing traffic growth and diversity, fossil fuel and ozone layer depletion, demographics and economy dynamics, as some major factors in aviation performance equations. In the next 100 years, apart from breakthrough physical advances, such as aircraft structural and electrical designs, we envision aviation's progress will depend on conquering cyberspace challenges and adversities, while safely and securely transitioning cyber benefits to the physical world. A tight integration of cyberspace with the physical world streamlines this vision. This paper proposes a novel cyber-physical system (CPS) framework to understand the cyber layer and cyber-physical interactions in aviation, study their impacts, and identify valuable research directions. This paper presents CPS challenges and solutions for aircraft, aviation users, airports, and air traffic management.

Aviation Cyber–Physical Systems: Foundations for Future Aircraft and Air Transport

Jet lag is a recognized sleep disorder1 that results from crossing time zones too rapidly for the circadian clock to keep pace. The pathophysiology involves a temporary misalignment between the circadian clock and local time. The circadian clock, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, is normally synchronized to the solar light–dark cycle and promotes alertness during the day and sleep at night. The clock is slow to reset, so that after time zones have been crossed, the endogenous signals for sleep and wakefulness do not match the local light–dark and social schedules. The symptoms of jet lag consist primarily of insomnia and daytime sleepiness but can also include dysphoric mood, diminished physical performance, cognitive impairment, and gastrointestinal disturbances. Jet lag is often compounded by nonspecific travel fatigue,2 which occurs as a consequence of prolonged immobility, irregular sleep times and mealtimes, dehydration, and other factors associated with long-distance air travel, irrespective of the crossing of time zones. Travel fatigue can be reversed within a day or two with adequate diet, rest, and sleep, but symptoms of jet lag persist until the circadian system is realigned. Although jet lag is usually medically benign and self-limited, it may occasionally cause serious misjudgments in business or professional dealings. The incidence of jet-lag disorder is unknown, but it presumably affects a large proportion of the more than 30 million travelers who embark from the United States each year for destinations that necessitate flights across five or more time zones.3 The intensity and duration of the symptoms of jet lag are related to several factors, which are listed in Table 1. Among very frequent travelers such as flight personnel and international business executives, the disorder may be recurrent or even chronic.

Clinical practice. Jet lag.

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(09)60209-9.pdf

Medical issues associated with commercial flights

Existing literature on civil wars relies predominantly on state- and organization-level variables to understand conflict dynamics and outcomes. In this article, we propose that rebel leaders’ personal backgrounds and experiences are also key to explaining the behavior of the organizations they lead. Just as scholars have long highlighted the importance of state leaders’ biographical characteristics in interstate war and diplomacy, we argue that the attributes of rebel leaders affect their organizations’ decisions and actions in civil war. To substantiate our claims, we introduce the Rebel Organization Leaders (ROLE) database, which contains a wide range of biographical information on all top rebel leaders in civil wars ongoing between 1980 and 2011. We first describe the contents of the database and present a number of novel descriptive findings about rebel leaders. To illustrate its utility, we then examine the influence of rebel leaders’ attributes on their organizations’ use of terrorism in civil war. Ultimately, our work encourages – and enables – a new research agenda that goes beyond rebel organizations and campaigns as units of analysis and brings individual leaders more fully into modern conflict and peace studies.

Introducing ROLE: A database of rebel leader attributes in armed conflict

: Why do people support—or refrain from supporting—nonviolent protests for political change? The literature offers different answers to this question, but one variable that has received little attention is fears of protest unleashing violent conflict. This is surprising given that protest movements often emerge in insecure societies—from Iraq to Pakistan and Algeria to Myanmar— that have experienced or are at risk of experiencing large-scale civil strife. We argue that conflict fears can be an impediment to people backing nonviolent protest movements in insecure places, making them seen as risky propositions that ‘rock the boat’ and destabilize the country. We investigate this argument using an original survey conducted in Iraq during the ‘Tishreen’ uprising of 2019–21 and a cross-national analysis of civil war and nonviolent resistance from 1945–2013. The results support our argument, suggesting that scholars and practitioners need to pay more attention to how fears of conflict and movements for change are interlinked in world politics.

Don't rock the boat? Fears of conflict and support for protest in Iraq and beyond

Civilian Mindsets Toward Peace in Wartime: Evidence From Ukraine

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Medical issues associated with commercial flights

Introducing ROLE: A database of rebel leader attributes in armed conflict

Don't rock the boat? Fears of conflict and support for protest in Iraq and beyond

Civilian Mindsets Toward Peace in Wartime: Evidence From Ukraine