Les premieres feministes canadiennes-francais, reunies au sein de la Federation nationale Saint-Jean-Baptiste (FNSJB) a partir de 1907, ont defendu l’acces des femmes a la sphere publique, notamment a travers les dossiers du suffrage feminin, de l’education superieure ou du travail des femmes. Elles ont aussi porte un interet particulier, et cela a jusqu’a maintenant ete peu aborde par l’historiographie, a la situation domestique des femmes et en particulier a la question du travail domestique. Dans ce domaine, elles ont articule leurs reflexions autour de deux themes principaux que sont le service domestique et l’enseignement menager. Les discours et les actions des militantes de la FNSJB sur le sujet du travail domestique revelent d’abord le caractere central de cette preoccupation chez cette premiere generation de feministes; ils expriment ensuite une double intention, soit de contester l’assignation exclusive des femmes a la sphere privee tout en valorisant, voire en tentant de professionnaliser, leur travail domestique.

The first French-Canadian feminists, organized in the Federation nationale Saint-Jean-Baptiste (FNSJB) from 1907, actively promoted women’s access to the public sphere, notably in the areas of women’s suffrage, access to higher education, and participation in the work force. They also maintained an interest, one that has so far been neglected by historians, in the domestic situation of women and the question of domestic work. They addressed two themes in this context: domestic service and home economics. The speeches and actions of this first generation of feminists in the FNSJB reveal the importance they placed on these concerns, as well as the double goal of challenging women’s relegation to the private sphere and of seeking recognition for the professional value of women’s domestic work.

https://hssh.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/hssh/article/download/38791/35200

Le front domestique à la Fédération nationale Saint-Jean-Baptiste : entre crise de la domesticité et promotion de l’enseignement ménager, 1900–1927

/pdf/strengthening-their-hands-the-committee-of-management-and-2mjoqt5t1p.pdf

“Strengthening their Hands”: The Committee of Management and the Montreal Maternity Hospital, 1893-1906

This paper examines the determinants of ethno-religious intermarriage in Quebec over a century as an indication of integration in a province where minority/majority relations are distinct from the rest of Canada. Drawing on previous work by Kalmijn and others outside of Canada, we distinguish between cultural preferences and structural factors and continue a long tradition of such studies within Canada by using the manuscript censuses. We use data from 1881 (entire census), 1911 and 1941 censuses (newly available CCRI samples), to examine ethno-religious intermarriage among couples who were married at the time of the census for three successive generations thirty years apart. Using multilevel analysis we try to distinguish between the role of individual level determinants such as the ethno-religious identity, knowledge of French and English, level of education and immigrant status as well as characteristics of the areas in which these couples lived, such as type of milieu (rural and urban), sex ratio and degree of cultural diversity, separately for men and women. We confirm the importance of contextual variables both on their own and in addition to spouses’ characteristics. The models are relatively stable over the entire period and point to the importance of structural factors as well as the ethnic diversity of the area at the contextual level; cultural preferences also play a role, most especially among the Jewish. British Catholics (mostly Irish) show a particularly high propensity to marry across language and religious lines, reflecting their special position in Quebec society.
	 Resume: Nous analysons dans cet article les determinants des unions mixtes au Quebec durant un siecle ou l’immigration a donne lieu a diverses modalites d’integration, dans une province ou les rapports minorite/majorite different de ceux du reste du Canada. S’appuyant notamment sur les travaux de Kalmijn, ce texte explore les determinants structurels et culturels des mariages mixtes au moyen des micro-donnees detaillees des recensements et s’inscrit dans la foulee d’etudes realisees au Canada a partir de donnees semblables. Les donnees des recensements de 1881 (dans son entierete), de 1911 et de 1941 (echantillons recemment constitues par l’IRCS) sont mises a profit pour analyser les comportements de trois generations de couples maries sur des intervalles de trente ans. Utilisant une approche multiniveau, nous cherchons a mettre en evidence l’impact de facteurs individuels tels que l’appartenance ethno-religieuse, la connaissance du francais et de l’anglais, le niveau de scolarite ou le statut d’immigrant, et celui de facteurs contextuels tels que le milieu (urbain ou rural), le desequilibre entre les sexes et le degre de diversite culturelle, sur la propension des hommes et des femmes a faire partie d’un couple mixte. Nos resultats confirment l’importance des variables contextuelles, separement et une fois combinees aux variables individuelles. Les modeles demeurent stables au cours des trois periodes etudiees et font ressortir l’importance des facteurs structurels dans la propension a appartenir a un couple mixte, meme si les facteurs culturels jouent egalement un role, particulierement chez les Juifs. Les catholiques d’origine britannique, surtout des Irlandais, affichent la plus grande propension a la mixite, consequence de leur positionnement unique dans la societe quebecoise.

Marrying 'the Other': Trends and Determinants of Culturally Mixed Marriages in Québec, 1880–1940

Over the span 1880 to 1900, Montreal was a city of newcomers, a majority of them women, and most of them arrived before age 30 from Britain, Europe, the United States, or rural counties of Quebec and Ontario. Young people aged 15 to 29 accounted for a third of the population and half of the recorded labour force. The authors’ analyses of 1881 census data and a 5 per cent sample for 1901 uncover a wide range of factors affecting life transitions. A substantial increase in participation of young unmarried women in the waged labour force was made possible by shifts in the timing of life transitions: the ages at which girls left school, left home, entered the work force, and married. The schedule was affected by migration, and it differed among the three principal cultural communities — French-speaking Catholic, English-speaking Catholic, and Anglo-Protestant. All three groups of women increased their rates of participation in the labour force, but the distinctions based on cultural affiliation persisted in both the scheduling of life transitions and the kinds of work in which they engaged.

De nombreux immigrants arriverent a Montreal durant les dernieres decennies du XIXe siecle. Plus de la moitie d'entre eux etaient des femmes et la plupart arrivaient a un âge plutot jeune, en provenance de la Grande-Bretagne, d’Europe, des Etats-Unis, ou encore des regions rurales du Quebec et de l’Ontario. Les jeunes de 15 a 30 ans representaient alors le tiers de la population totale et occupaient la moitie de tous les emplois declares. Tirant parti des donnees du recensement de 1881 et d’un echantillon de 5 p. 100 de celui de 1901, ce texte examine les facteurs susceptibles d'influencer le parcours de vie des jeunes Montrealaises a cette epoque : âge auquel elles cessent d’aller a l’ecole, quittent le domicile familial, commencent a travailler et se marient. L'experience migratoire affecte ces trajectoires, qui varient aussi selon la communaute culturelle d'appartenance. Les femmes des trois principaux groupes – franco-catholique, irlandais catholique et anglo-protestant - connaissent toutes une augmentation de leur taux de participation au marche du travail, mais les trajectoires empruntees et le type de travail effectue ne sont pas les memes dans tous les groupes.

/pdf/the-harsh-welcome-of-an-industrial-city-immigrant-women-in-4xizecsw1c.pdf

The Harsh Welcome of an Industrial City: Immigrant Women in Montreal, 1880–1900

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The Harsh Welcome of an Industrial City: Immigrant Women in Montreal, 1880–1900