Carnitine is a conditionally essential nutrient that plays a vital role in energy production and fatty acid metabolism. Vegetarians possess a greater bioavailability than meat eaters. Distinct deficiencies arise either from genetic mutation of carnitine transporters or in association with other disorders such as liver or kidney disease. Carnitine deficiency occurs in aberrations of carnitine regulation in disorders such as diabetes, sepsis, cardiomyopathy, malnutrition, cirrhosis, endocrine disorders and with aging. Nutritional supplementation of L-carnitine, the biologically active form of carnitine, is ameliorative for uremic patients, and can improve nerve conduction, neuropathic pain and immune function in diabetes patients while it is life-saving for patients suffering primary carnitine deficiency. Clinical application of carnitine holds much promise in a range of neural disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, hepatic encephalopathy and other painful neuropathies. Topical application in dry eye offers osmoprotection and modulates immune and inflammatory responses. Carnitine has been recognized as a nutritional supplement in cardiovascular disease and there is increasing evidence that carnitine supplementation may be beneficial in treating obesity, improving glucose intolerance and total energy expenditure.

/pdf/role-of-carnitine-in-disease-168ymd2whv.pdf

Role of carnitine in disease

Population-based studies have consistently shown that our diet has an influence on health. Therefore, the aim of our study was to analyze differences between different dietary habit groups in terms of health-related variables. The sample used for this cross-sectional study was taken from the Austrian Health Interview Survey AT-HIS 2006/07. In a first step, subjects were matched according to their age, sex, and socioeconomic status (SES). After matching, the total number of subjects included in the analysis was 1320 (N = 330 for each form of diet – vegetarian, carnivorous diet rich in fruits and vegetables, carnivorous diet less rich in meat, and carnivorous diet rich in meat). Analyses of variance were conducted controlling for lifestyle factors in the following domains: health (self-assessed health, impairment, number of chronic conditions, vascular risk), health care (medical treatment, vaccinations, preventive check-ups), and quality of life. In addition, differences concerning the presence of 18 chronic conditions were analyzed by means of Chi-square tests. Overall, 76.4% of all subjects were female. 40.0% of the individuals were younger than 30 years, 35.4% between 30 and 49 years, and 24.0% older than 50 years. 30.3% of the subjects had a low SES, 48.8% a middle one, and 20.9% had a high SES. Our results revealed that a vegetarian diet is related to a lower BMI and less frequent alcohol consumption. Moreover, our results showed that a vegetarian diet is associated with poorer health (higher incidences of cancer, allergies, and mental health disorders), a higher need for health care, and poorer quality of life. Therefore, public health programs are needed in order to reduce the health risk due to nutritional factors.

/pdf/nutrition-and-health-the-association-between-eating-behavior-1ocvcwifq3.pdf

Nutrition and health - the association between eating behavior and various health parameters: a matched sample study.

Preoperative liver shrinking diet for bariatric surgery may impact wound healing: a randomized controlled trial.

Section I: Carnitine homeostasis and tissue metabolism Carnitine homeostasis in humans Peggy Borum Carnitine and energy metabolism Tariq R. Altamimi and Gary D. Lopaschuk Section II: Carnitine transport and metabolism in skeletal muscle The role of carnitine in the integration of skeletal muscle fuel metabolism Craig Porter Skeletal muscle carnitine transport Francis B. Stephens The metabolic impact of manipulating the muscle carnitine pool Benjamin T. Wall Section III: Applications of carnitine in human nutrition Carnitine metabolism and nutrition in dialysis patients Eric P. Brass Carnitine metabolism and nutrition in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes Shawna Wicks, Robert Noland, and Randall Mynatt Carnitine metabolism and nutrition in peripheral vascular disease Giusseppe Maria Andreozzi Carnitine as an ergogenic aid for sports performance Stuart D.R. Galloway and Elizabeth M. Broad Conclusions and future directions Craig Porter and Benjamin T. Wall

Carnitine metabolism and human nutrition

Do vegetarians feel bad? Examining the association between eating vegetarian and subjective well-being in two representative samples

Background/Aim: A vegetarian diet is known to prevent a series of diseases but may influence the balance of carbohydrate and fat metabolism as well as collagen synthesis. This study

Vegetarian diet affects genes of oxidative metabolism and collagen synthesis.

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Vegetarian diet affects genes of oxidative metabolism and collagen synthesis.