Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in electric vehicles (EVs) present a promising solution to energy and environmental challenges. These batteries offer numerous advantages, including high energy density, endurance, minimum self-discharge, and long life, accelerating their adoption in EVs. High temperatures can lead to thermal runaways, causing safety hazards such as short circuits and explosions. Conversely, low temperatures can trigger the formation of lithium dendrites, resulting in failures and operational issues. To address these concerns, phase change materials (PCM) are being explored to store and release thermal energy without significant temperature changes. This review paper presents an overview of PCM for battery thermal management systems. It examines and compares thermal management strategies employed for Li-ion batteries, highlighting their merits, drawbacks, and cost-effectiveness. Different types of heating and cooling mechanism are summarized. Furthermore, the study discusses potential future developments in the field to enhance the thermal management of Li-ion batteries in EVs. 

Lithium-ion battery thermal management for electric vehicles using phase change material: A review

Thermal energy storage systems, also known as thermal batteries integrated with phase change materials, have gained significant attention in recent years as a promising solution for sustainable energy supply. Thermal batteries can significantly promote a sustainable energy supply by boosting the efficiency and reliability of renewable energy systems, enhancing energy access in isolated regions, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and enhancing energy security. However, there are still challenges to optimising these systems to maximise their efficiency and effectiveness. This study presents a systematic literature review of various thermal batteries for industrial, commercial, and domestic applications. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines were adopted for this review. The primary objective was to identify factors affecting thermal battery performance. Data collection was focused on research papers published from 2013–2023 extracted from the Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. The study findings highlight the importance of considering material thermophysical properties, design configurations, and operating conditions when optimising thermal batteries. Also, this study highlights the current state of knowledge in the field and suggests future research and development directions. In particular, artificial intelligence and machine learning are suggested to promote faster and more precise optimisation of thermal batteries. The findings of this study are useful to academia and industries promoting the adoption of sustainable energy solutions for a greener and more resilient future. 

Optimisation of thermal energy storage systems incorporated with phase change materials for sustainable energy supply: A systematic review

Battery models are mathematical systems that aim to simulate real battery cell sufficiently accurately. Finding a comprise between complexity, computational effort and accuracy is thereby key. In particular, modelling sodium–nickel–chloride/iron-chloride cells (Na-NiCl2/FeCl2), as a promising alternative for stationary energy storage, bears some challenges. The literature shows a few interesting approaches, but in most of them the second active material (NiCl2 or FeCl2) or the entire discharging/charging cycle is not considered. In this work, an electrochemical and thermal model of Na-NiCl2/FeCl2 battery cells is presented. Based on an equivalent circuit approach combined with electrochemical calculations, the hybrid model provides information on the performance of the cell for charging and discharging with a constant current. By dividing the cathode space into segments, internal material and charge flows are predicted, allowing important insights into the internal cell processes. Besides a low calculation effort, the model also allows a flexible adaption of cathode composition and cell design, which makes it a promising tool for the development of single battery cells as well as battery modules and battery systems.

https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/9/4/200/pdf?version=1680675084

Electrochemical Modelling of Na-MCl2 Battery Cells Based on an Expanded Approximation Method

The sodium/nickel chloride battery (Na/NiCl2) is considered an eco-friendly, long-term stable and safe alternative to other secondary battery technologies. The overall system efficiency of this high-temperature battery can be increased by optimizing the thermal management system. This paper addresses the integration of a phase change material (PCM) into the battery modules and evaluates the thermal performance and environmental impact of such a design. The module layout with PCM and heat transfer elements (HTEs) was selected based on 2D FEM simulation results and verified in a prototype Na/NiCl2 module. It was shown that the module temperatures could be kept within the operating limits during operation by the HTEs and the PCM even at high current rates. Since no critical temperature limits were reached, the usable battery capacity was higher compared to results of a reference module without PCM or HTEs. In addition, the PCM prolonged the cooling down process after discharge. In parallel with the experimental studies, the environmental performance of the battery was evaluated using a life cycle assessment (LCA). Amongst other things, it was found that the application of PCM is also beneficial from an ecological point of view.

/pdf/development-and-environmental-assessment-of-a-phase-change-20sx8492.pdf

Development and Environmental Assessment of a Phase Change Material Based Thermal Management System for Na/NiCl2 Batteries

Today, off-grid communities rely mainly on diesel gensets with limited electrical efficiency and diesel furnaces for electricity and heat generation, respectively. The CO2 emissions associated with this electricity production can be reduced by improving the electrical efficiency of the system thus reducing the fuel consumption. Additionally, waste heat from the electricity production can be recovered for heating thus creating a combined heat and power system. In this work, a solid oxide fuel cell combined heat and power system hybridized to a battery was proposed for this purpose. Simulation of the annual electricity and heat production were performed using real temporal electrical demand data. Results showed that a reduction of up to 36 % in primary energy consumption can be reached compared with the current situation.

Energy Transition Scenarios in Off-grid Communities using SOFC-CHP/Battery Hybrid Systems

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Development and Environmental Assessment of a Phase Change Material Based Thermal Management System for Na/NiCl2 Batteries

Energy Transition Scenarios in Off-grid Communities using SOFC-CHP/Battery Hybrid Systems