In accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention, a method (and corresponding apparatus) is provided for deducing the location of one or more items or objects to be monitored. In exemplary embodiments, the method (and corresponding apparatus) is implemented in RFID (radio frequency identification) applications (e.g., reading RFID tags at 13.56 MHz and approximately 900 MHz) by deducing the location of an item associated with a unique RFID tag in one or more areas of detection covered by multiple RFID reader antennae.

Method of Assigning and Deducing the Location of Articles Detected by Multiple Rfid Antennae

A method for improving the efficiency of antennas having transparent thin-film conductive surfaces, and antennas improved by the method are disclosed. For a selected frequency of antenna operation, values for surface current density in areas distributed over the surface of the thin-film are determined. Regions of the surface containing areas having concentrated current flow are identified based upon the determined values of current density. Antenna efficiency is improved by increasing conductivity in areas of the thin-film surface found to have concentrated current flow. The method enables the improvement of the efficiency of antennas having transparent thin-film conducting surfaces, without unnecessarily obstructing the optical view through the thin-film surfaces of the antennas.

Transparent thin film antenna

An antenna comprises a ground pattern, and a planar element that is fed and equipped with a cut-out portion provided from the farthest edge portion formed from the feed position toward the ground pattern side, and the ground pattern and the planar element are juxtaposed with each other. The cut-out portion enables to further miniaturize the antenna and secure current paths to obtain radiation in a low-frequency range. Since the ground pattern and the planar element are juxtaposed with each other, the mount volume of the antenna can be reduced, and the antenna characteristic, particularly the impedance characteristic, can be easily controlled, and the bandwidth can be widened.

Antenna and dielectric substrate for antenna

Operating parameters of a planar antenna are controlled by providing a planar metal radiating element (10) having an edge, by providing a slot (11) within the radiating element, the slot having side walls, an open slot-end that lies on the edge of the radiating element, and a closed slot-end that lies within the radiating element, and by providing a thin, line-like, and metal segment, at least a portion of which is coplanar with the radiating element and that extends from the open slot-end to the closed slot-end without physically engaging the slot's side walls. The metal segment can be connected to the antenna's ground plane to thereby form a parasitic element, or the metal segment can be connected to the radiating element to thereby form an extension (18) of the radiating element.

Optimum utilization of slot gap in pifa design

An antenna comprises electrical conductors arranged to form a radiating element including a folded line configuration and a distributed strip configuration, where the radiating element is in proximity to a ground conductor. The folded line and the distributed strip can be electrically interconnected and substantially coplanar. The ground conductor can be spaced from, and coplanar to, the radiating element, or can alternatively lie in a plane set at an angle to the radiating element. Embodiments of the antenna include conductor patterns formed on a printed wiring board, having a ground plane, spacedly adjacent to and coplanar with the radiating element. Other embodiments of the antenna comprise a ground plane and radiating element on opposed sides of a printed wiring board. Other embodiments of the antenna comprise conductors that can be arranged as free standing “foils”. Other embodiments include antennas that are encapsulated into a package containing the antenna.

Antenna structure with distributed strip

An antenna is formed from two antenna elements, a first antenna element and a second antenna element, wherein the second antenna element surrounds the first antenna element. A shorting element electrically connects the inner antenna element to the outer antenna element. An insulating gap insulates the inner antenna element from the outer antenna element except for the region where the shorting element connects the two antenna elements. A coaxial cable connects the antenna to a transceiver. The inner conductor of the coaxial cable is connected to the first antenna element and the outer conductor of the coaxial cable is connected to the second antenna element. The length of the outer perimeter of the first antenna element is equal to an integral multiple of one quarter of the wavelength of the center frequency of the antenna. The inner antenna element can be rectangular, square, circular, oval, or any similar shape. More than one antenna can be formed on a single layer of dielectric material. The impedance of the antenna is tuned by adjusting the location of the shorting element, the location of the connection of the inner conductor of the coaxial cable to the first antenna element, and the location at which the coaxial cable exits the second antenna element.

Planar antenna comprising two joined conducting regions with coax

An antenna that can be used as an active receiving antenna and a transmitting antenna is formed by forming dual disk antenna elements. The dual disk antenna elements are formed by etching a pattern in a layer of conducting material, such as copper, formed on a substrate of dielectric material. One of the disks acts as the active antenna element and the other disk acts as a counterpoise antenna element. In one embodiment a RF amplifier chip is used to form an active receiving antenna. In another embodiment the RF amplifier chip is removed and the antenna can be used either as a receiving antenna or a transmitting antenna. In another embodiment a RF amplifier chip is used with an electronic switch to include the RF amplifier chip when the antenna is used as a receiving antenna and to switch the RF chip out of the circuit when the antenna is used as a transmitting antenna.

Dual disk active antenna

A planar surface antenna comprising two conducting etched patterns on an insulating substrate where the first conductor has a planar serpentine shape defining a plurality of parallel, spaced apart radiator elements. A second etched conductor pattern has comb-like portions interleaved within the radiator elements of the first conductor. A coaxial conductor provides the feed signal to the second conductor with its ground connection to the first conductor. The resonant frequency, impedance, and bandwidth of the antenna are controlled by total length of serpentine radiator element widths and lengths. The antenna forms a non directional radiating antenna. Two of these serpentine antennas can be combined into one antenna to form a directional radiating antenna. The feed signal is connected to the second conductor of a first antenna and the first conductor of a second antenna. The ground wire is connected to the first conductor of the first antenna and the second conductor of the second antenna, realizing a small directional antenna.

Planar serpentine slot antenna

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Planar antenna comprising two joined conducting regions with coax

Dual disk active antenna

Planar serpentine slot antenna