This paper examines whether the distribution of public employment affects the electoral support for the incumbent government that allocates jobs. To do this we focus on the Spanish Plan for Rural Employment (PER), a program of temporary public employment introduced by the central government in two lagging regions. We evaluate voters’ responsiveness to this policy using municipal-level electoral data and employing an estimator that combines propensity score matching with a difference-indifferences strategy (Heckman et al., Econometrica 65 (1998) 2). We show that the average treatment effect on the treated is a 2 percentage-point increase of the vote share for the ruling party at general elections and we also find evidence of an increase in electoral participation.

Voters’ Responsiveness to Public Employment Policies

The persistence of poverty is strongly connected to processes of adverse incorporation and social exclusion (AI-SE) Commissioned by CPRC, this annotated bibliography explores both the latest thinking on social exclusion within development studies and the more historical debates within the social sciences concerning the ways in which processes of 'adverse incorporation,' closure' and 'marginalisation' work to impoverish regions, sectors and people The annotated bibliography focuses in particular on: AI-SE on-line resources; Understanding AI-SE: definitions and concepts in relation to chronic poverty; methods for defining, measuring and exploring AI-SE; AI-SE and the State; AI-SE, economic growth and markets; AI-SE, community, civil society and citizenship; AI-SE, kinship and family; AI-SE and space: geographies of marginality; Tackling AI-SE This bibliography will provide the basis for a working paper of the same title and also for primary research to be carried out under the AI-SE theme

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1646443_code1382430.pdf?abstractid=1646443&mirid=1&type=2

Annotated Bibliography on Social Exclusion, Adverse Incorporation and Chronic Poverty

Public employment grew surprisingly fast in Russia during the 1990s, at a time when total employment was falling. Most of this growth occurred in the country's 89 regions, and rates varied among them. This paper seeks to explain this variation. Using panel data for 78 regions over 1992-1998 we test several hypotheses. We show that the increase in the share of public employment in total employment has been greatest where unemployment was highest and growing the fastest, in ethnically defined territorial units, and in regions which received larger federal transfers and loans. Regional governors appear to use public employment for several purposes: as a kind of economic insurance to cushion the population against unemployment; as a way of buying votes before elections; and, possibly, as a way of redistributing to minority ethnic groups. Their willingness to use it for any of these is conditioned by the level of federal financial aid they can attract. The paradoxical growth of public employment in Russia appears less a result of ignorant or irresolute central management than a perverse outgrowth of the competitive game of federal politics, in which regional governors use public sector workers as "hostages" to extract transfers.

Public Employment and Redistributive Politics: Evidence from Russia's Regions ∗

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Public Employment and Redistributive Politics: Evidence from Russia's Regions ∗