Daniel Radcliffe

TL;DR: M-PESA as mentioned in this paper is a small-value electronic payment and store of value system that is accessible from ordinary mobile phones and has seen exceptional growth since its introduction by mobile phone operator Safaricom in Kenya in March 2007.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that countries will likely pass through four stages of market development along the pathway to an inclusive digital economy, and that financial regulations and business models must be calibrated to harness those assets at each stage.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlight five areas where sharpened regulatory analysis would help strike a better balance between maximizing the opportunities of these models and containing risks: (i) branching regulations which distinguish between pure transactional outlets and full service bank branches; (ii) regulations which permit banks to engage third-party retail outlets with minimal financial risks for both banks and their customers; (iii) consumer protection regulations that help customers understand and act upon their rights in a more complex service delivery chain, without burdening banks with unnecessary provisions; (iv) tiered know-your-customer (

TL;DR: The technology exists to make banking available at traditional retail outlets and thus spread access dramatically as mentioned in this paper, but regulations need changing, and this need not be the case in many parts of the world.