Acknowledgements Introduction: Literature as Discourse PART 1: LANGUAGE, LITERATURE AND EDUCATION Literary Language and Ordinary Language Literature in the Curriculum: Culture and Contexts Reading Literature PART 2: EXPLORING RESEARCH IN LANGUAGE, LITERATURE AND EDUCATION: KEY STUDIES Introduction Language in Literature Educational Perspectives Readers Reading Literature PART 3: RESEARCHING LITERATURE IN LANGUAGE EDUCATION (LLE) Introduction Researching LLE: Focus on Methodologies Example Studies Carrying Out Your Own Research Project in LLE PART 4: RESOURCES Journals Websites Professional Organizations Other resources Glossary References Index

Literature in Language Education

Gesturing on the telephone: Independent effects of dialogue and visibility

This chapter reviews features of metaphor use that have been found in a range of types of spoken discourse. The first major section focuses on the ‘shape’ of metaphor in talk: its density and distribution, form and systematicity, conventionality and signalling. The second section describes how people use metaphor in processes of human social interaction: how metaphor carries attitudes and values, how metaphor is used in the management of talk and in the negotiation of ideas and understandings. The third section considers the connection between metaphor in talk and conceptual metaphor. Methodological issues in researching metaphor in talk are discussed in each section, with some concluding thoughts on a future research agenda.

Metaphor and talk

Why we mix metaphors (and mix them well): Discourse coherence, conceptual metaphor, and beyond

The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought: Metaphor and education

Although most prior research on figurative language examines comprehension, several recent studies on the production of such language have proved to be informative. One of the most noticeable traits of figurative language production is that it is produced at a somewhat random rate with occasional bursts of highly figurative speech (e.g., Corts & Pollio, 1999). The present article seeks to extend these findings by observing production during speech that involves a very high base rate of figurative language, making statistically defined bursts difficult to detect. In an analysis of three Baptist sermons, burst-like clusters of figurative language were identified. Further study indicated that these clusters largely involve a central root metaphor that represents the topic under consideration. An interaction of the coherence, along with a conceptual understanding of a topic and the relative importance of the topic to the purpose of the speech, is offered as the most likely explanation for the clustering of figurative language in natural speech.

Conceptual clusters in figurative language production.

Background Studies have examined listening effort in individuals with hearing loss to determine the extent of the impairment. Regarding cochlear implants (CIs), results suggest that listening effort is improved using bilateral CIs compared to unilateral CIs. Few studies have investigated listening effort and outcomes related to the hybrid CI. Purpose Here, we compared listening effort across three CI groups, and to a normal-hearing control group. The impact of listener traits, that is, age, age at onset of hearing loss, duration of CI use, and working memory capacity, were examined relative to listening effort. Research design The participants completed a dual-task paradigm with a primary task identifying sentences in noise and a secondary task measuring reaction time on a Stroop test. Performance was assessed for all participant groups at different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), ranging in 2-dB steps from 0 to +10 dB relative to an individual's SNR-50, at which the speech recognition performance is 50% correct. Participants completed three questions on listening effort, the Spatial Hearing Questionnaire, and a reading span test. Study sample All 46 participants were adults. The four participant groups included (1) 12 individuals with normal hearing, (2) 10 with unilateral CIs, (3) 12 with bilateral CIs, and (4) 12 with a hybrid short-electrode CI and bilateral residual hearing. Data collection and analysis Results from the dual-task experiment were compared using a mixed 4 (hearing group) by 6 (SNR condition) analysis of variance (ANOVA). Questionnaire results were compared using one-way ANOVAs, and correlations between listener traits and the objective and subjective measures were compared using Pearson correlation coefficients. Results Significant differences were found in speech perception among the normal-hearing and the unilateral and the bilateral CI groups. There was no difference in primary task performance among the hybrid CI and the normal-hearing groups. Across the six SNR conditions, listening effort improved to a greater degree for the normal-hearing group compared to the CI groups. However, there was no significant difference in listening effort between the CI groups. The subjective measures revealed significant differences between the normal-hearing and CI groups, but no difference among the three CI groups. Across all groups, age was significantly correlated with listening effort. We found no relationship between listening effort and the age at the onset of hearing loss, age at implantation, the duration of CI use, and working memory capacity for these participants. Conclusions Listening effort was reduced to a greater degree for the normal-hearing group compared to the CI users. There was no significant difference in listening effort among the CI groups. For the CI users in this study, age was a significant factor with regard to listening effort, whereas other variables such as the duration of CI use and the age at the onset of hearing loss were not significantly related to listening effort.

/pdf/listening-effort-measured-in-adults-with-normal-hearing-and-4c2fxkss9f.pdf

Listening Effort Measured in Adults with Normal Hearing and Cochlear Implants.

In an analysis of three college lectures, Corts and Pollio (1999) found that figurative language and gesture often appeared together in ‘bursts’. These bursts were initially characterized as novel ...

Factors characterizing bursts of figurative language and gesture in college lectures

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Conceptual clusters in figurative language production.

Listening Effort Measured in Adults with Normal Hearing and Cochlear Implants.

Factors characterizing bursts of figurative language and gesture in college lectures