https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jor.23075

Laser and electron-beam powder-bed additive manufacturing of metallic implants: A review on processes, materials and designs.

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are a broad research area and attract considerable tremendous attention today in the materials science and engineering society. In recent years, FGMs have experienced remarkable developments in manufacturing methods. FGMs can be produced using several well-known processing techniques from conventional to advanced. This research provides an overview of manufacturing methods for FGMs, thus describing the fundamental difficulties and strengths of these methods based on the available literature over 30 years. Besides, this critical review gives a comprehensive summary of the various applications and the future trends for research required for the design and production of these materials properly with a smooth graded. The anticipated findings of the current paper can be considered as a milestone for future production and analysis investigations for FGMs and are beneficial for researchers, designers, and manufacturers in this scope.

30 Years of functionally graded materials: An overview of manufacturing methods, Applications and Future Challenges

Recent development in modeling and analysis of functionally graded materials and structures

Calcium phosphate, due to its similarity to the inorganic fraction of mineralized tissues, has played a key role in many areas of medicine, in particular, regenerative medicine and orthopedics. It has also found application in conservative dentistry and dental surgery, in particular, as components of toothpaste and mouth rinse, coatings of dental implants, cements, and bone substitute materials for the restoration of cavities in maxillofacial surgery. In dental applications, the most important role is played by hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite, i.e., calcium phosphates characterized by the highest chemical stability and very low solubility. This paper presents the role of both apatites in dentistry and a review of recent achievements in the field of the application of these materials.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/12/17/2683/pdf

Hydroxyapatite and Fluorapatite in Conservative Dentistry and Oral Implantology-A Review.

A review on optimization of composite structures Part II: Functionally graded materials

Numerous studies have shown that human bone has the ability to remodel itself to better adapt to its biomechanical environment by changing both its material properties and geometry. As a consequence of the rapid development and extensive applications of dental implants, the effect of bone remodeling on the success of a dental restorative surgery is becoming critical for implant design and pre-surgical assessment. This article provides an extensive review on the issues of mandibular and maxillary bone remodeling as a result of dental implantation. Following the success of remodeling-driven orthopedic design from the long bone community, substantial clinical/experimental data of implantation have been driving the development of corresponding remodeling laws and algorithms to various dental settings, of which it is believed to contain potential to significantly impact on futuristic dental implant design. In this paper, the published remodeling data is analyzed and different biomechanical remodeling stimuli are assessed. The established relationships between bone density and corresponding mechanical properties are outlined and a range of potential methods of predicting the mandible and maxilla remodeling are critically evaluated and compared. It is anticipated that this will provide a better understanding of implant-induced bone remodeling and help develop a new design framework for patient-specific dental implantation.

Dental implant induced bone remodeling and associated algorithms.

Finite element based bone remodeling and resonance frequency analysis for osseointegration assessment of dental implants

Clinical and experimental studies showed that human bone has the ability to remodel itself to better adapt to its biomechanical environment by changing both its material properties and geometry. As a consequence of the rapid development and extensive applications of major dental restorations such as implantation and fixed partial denture (FPD), the effect of bone remodeling on the success of a dental restorative surgery is becoming critical for prosthetic design and pre-surgical assessment. This paper aims to provide a computational biomechanics framework to address dental bone's responses as a result of dental restoration. It explored three important issues of resorption, apposition and osseointegration in terms of remodeling simulation. The published remodeling data in long bones were regulated to drive the computational remodeling prediction for the dental bones by correlating the results to clinical data. It is anticipated that the study will provide a more predictive model of dental bone response and help develop a new design methodology for patient-specific dental prosthetic restoration.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/10/1/012122/pdf

Computational biomechanics of bone's responses to dental prostheses – osseointegration, remodeling and resorption

Dental implantation to a certain extent changes the biomechanical environment, thereby leading to the surrounding supporting bone to remodel. Computational remodeling has been well established in lone bone community and a range of mathematical formulae have been available with acceptable accuracy and effectiveness. However, there has been limited information and remodeling data available for dental scenarios, despite its predominate importance and popularity in clinic. An in-vivo frequency test technique was developed to determine the extent of osseointegration and remodeling passively. It could not help predict on-going healing and consequence of implantation. This paper develops a predictive model to relate osseointegration and bone remodeling to a progressive change in natural frequencies, thereby better utilizing the data acquired from experiments. The results allow us to establish a more realistic remodeling formula, thereby making a patient-specific prediction possible.

Monitoring natural frequency for osseointegration and bone remodeling induced by dental implants

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