Artificial recharge of groundwater is achieved by putting surface water in basins, furrows, ditches, or other facilities where it infiltrates into the soil and moves downward to recharge aquifers. Artificial recharge is increasingly used for short- or long-term underground storage, where it has several advantages over surface storage, and in water reuse. Artificial recharge requires permeable surface soils. Where these are not available, trenches or shafts in the unsaturated zone can be used, or water can be directly injected into aquifers through wells. To design a system for artificial recharge of groundwater, infiltration rates of the soil must be determined and the unsaturated zone between land surface and the aquifer must be checked for adequate permeability and absence of polluted areas. The aquifer should be sufficiently transmissive to avoid excessive buildup of groundwater mounds. Knowledge of these conditions requires field investigations and, if no fatal flaws are detected, test basins to predict system performance. Water-quality issues must be evaluated, especially with respect to formation of clogging layers on basin bottoms or other infiltration surfaces, and to geochemical reactions in the aquifer. Clogging layers are managed by desilting or other pretreatment of the water, and by remedial techniques in the infiltration system, such as drying, scraping, disking, ripping, or other tillage. Recharge wells should be pumped periodically to backwash clogging layers. Electronic supplementary material to this paper can be obtained by using the Springer LINK server located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-001-0182-4.

/pdf/artificial-recharge-of-groundwater-hydrogeology-and-hnazw6ssr2.pdf

Artificial recharge of groundwater: hydrogeology and engineering

A review of immiscible fluids in the subsurface: properties, models, characterization and remediation

A new analytical model is proposed for the delayed response process characterizing flow to a well in an unconfined aquifer. The present approach differs from that of Boulton [1954b, 1963, 1970] and Boulton and Pontin [1971] in that it is based only on well-defined physical parameters of the aquifer system. Therefore it provides a possible physical explanation for the mechanism of delayed water table response and eliminates the conceptual difficulties encountered with Boulton's theory of ‘delayed yield from storage above the water table.’ Contrary to prevailing belief the process of delayed response in a homogeneous anisotropic phreatic aquifer can be simulated by using constant values of specific storage and specific yield without recourse to unsaturated flow theory. The results suggest that, in the absence of significant infiltration at the ground surface, compressibility may often be a much more important factor than unsaturated flow above the water table. Current methods of analyzing field data from unconfined aquifers do not usually consider compressibility. The present theory shows that such methods are limited in their application to relatively large values of time.

Theory of flow in unconfined aquifers considering delayed response of the water table

Hydrocarbon production, gas recovery from shale, CO2 storage and water management have a common scientific underpinning: multiphase flow in porous media. This book provides a fundamental description of multiphase flow through porous rock, with emphasis on the understanding of displacement processes at the pore, or micron, scale. Fundamental equations and principal concepts using energy, momentum, and mass balance are developed, and the latest developments in high-resolution three-dimensional imaging and associated modelling are explored. The treatment is pedagogical, developing sound physical principles to predict flow and recovery through complex rock structures, while providing a review of the recent literature. This systematic approach makes it an excellent reference for those who are new to the field. Inspired by recent research, and based on courses taught to thousands of students and professionals from around the world, it provides the scientific background necessary for a quantitative assessment of multiphase subsurface flow processes, and is ideal for hydrology and environmental engineering students, as well as professionals in the hydrocarbon, water and carbon storage industries.

Multiphase Flow in Permeable Media: A Pore-Scale Perspective

The capillary fringe and its effect on water-table response

Exact integral solutions for the horizontal, unsteady flow of two viscous, incompressible fluids are derived. Both one-dimensional and radial displacements are calculated with full consideration of capillary drive and for arbitrary capillary-hydraulic properties. One-dimensional, unidirectional displacement of a nonwetting phase is shown to occur increasingly like a shock front as the pore-size distribution becomes wider. This is in contrast to the situation when an inviscid nonwetting phase is displaced. The penetration of a nonwetting phase into porous media otherwise saturated by a wetting phase occurs in narrow, elongate distributions. Such distributions result in rapid and extensive penetration by the nonwetting phase. The process is remarkably sensitive to the capillary-hydraulic properties that determine the value of knw/kw at large wetting phase saturations, a region in which laboratory measurements provide the least resolution. The penetration of a nonwetting phase can be expected to be dramatically affected by the presence of fissures, worm holes, or other macropores. Calculations for radial displacement of a nonwetting phase resident at a small initial saturation show the displacement to be inefficient. The fractional flow of the nonwetting phase falls rapidly and, for a specific example, becomes 1% by the time one pore volume of water has been injected.

Exact integral solutions for two‐phase flow

Ground-water hydrology and hydraulics , Ground-water hydrology and hydraulics , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Ground-water hydrology and hydraulics

Many investigators are concerned about the validity of the Forchheimer equation which represents the relationship between the velocity of flow and pressure gradient in porous media. A theoretical development of this equation through analysis of the dimensionless form of the Navier-Stokes equation is presented. It shows that energy losses at high-flow velocities in porous medium are a result of convective acceleration effects not turbulent effects. In addition, two dimensionless terms representing the flow behavior are defined and evaluated. It is shown that a constant could be used to represent the geometric properties of the medium and that a characteristic length representative of the flow exist. Both of these quantities are easily evaluated through hydraulic measurements of gradients and flow velocities. Experimental data from many sources were used to evaluate the theoretical results.

Nonlinear Flow in Porous Media

A numerical model was developed to simulate the behavior of two-phase immiscible fluids in ground-water systems for specific application to hydrocarbon spills and leaks. The model is a two-dimensional areal flow model using the finite-element method. A verification of the numerical model was performed using both an approximate analytical solution and a laboratory investigation. The verification results show that the numerical model adequately describes the behavior of immiscible two-phase flow within a coarse porous material.

Ground‐Water Model of Two‐Phase Immiscible Flow in Coarse Material

One of the most common methods of artificial recharge to the ground water is from basins. In this paper, seven analytical solutions that describe artificial recharge from basins are presented. Most of these solutions are derived by directly solving the general partial differential equation for ground water flow. The solutions differ in that they use different boundary conditions, basin shapes, and consider the nonlinearity of the artificial recharge problem differently. Use of each analytical solution is demonstrated in this paper by application to an example problem. A comparison of each analytical solution presented in this paper was made to give suggestions on their use, their ease of implementation, and their relative agreement. Although no attempt is made in the paper to conclude which analytical solution is best for all problems, some general conclusions can be stated on the applicability of the various analytical solutions. Of the analytical solutions presented in this paper, Glovers and Hantush's solutions for rectangular recharge basins are highly recommended. Baumanns solution for a circular basin also gave fairly reliable results and is very easy to evaluate numerically.

Mathematical analysis of artificial recharge from basins1

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