http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/231220/1/1-s2.0-S0301479720304345-main.pdf

Lithium-ion batteries towards circular economy: A literature review of opportunities and issues of recycling treatments.

Traffic congestion is a perpetual problem for the sustainability of transportation development. Traffic congestion causes delays, inconvenience, and economic losses to drivers, as well as air pollution. Identification and quantification of traffic congestion are crucial for decision-makers to initiate mitigation strategies to improve the overall transportation system’s sustainability. In this paper, the currently available measures are detailed and compared by implementing them on a daily and weekly traffic historical dataset. The results showed each measure showed significant variations in congestion states while indicating a similar congestion trend. The advantages and disadvantages of each measure are identified from the data analysis. This study summarizes the current road traffic congestion measures and provides a constructive insight into the development of a sustainable and resilient traffic management system.

A Survey of Road Traffic Congestion Measures towards a Sustainable and Resilient Transportation System

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/aenm.202003456

Sustainable Li-Ion Batteries: Chemistry and Recycling

Recycling chains for lithium-ion batteries: A critical examination of current challenges, opportunities and process dependencies

Due to the rapid expansion of electric vehicles and portable electronics, the demand for lithium-ion batteries is increasing, resulting in supply risks in obtaining lithium, cobalt, and other materials, as well as issues associated with spent battery disposal. The current battery recycling processes vary by specific battery chemistries and impact both economics and greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time, there is a potential for spent lithium-ion batteries reuse for low-end energy storage applications. This paper discusses various methods of assessing the reuse versus recycling of lithium-ion batteries. Commercial recycling practices and capabilities and those recommended by different research centers around the world are reviewed. Further, the potential of various novel next-generation recycling processes to optimize recycling's economic and environmental benefits is evaluated for the broader utilization of lithium-ion battery recycling.

Circular economy of Li Batteries: Technologies and trends

Recycling is a potential solution to narrow the gap between the supply and demand of raw materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the efficient separation of the active components and their recovery from battery waste remains a challenge. This paper evaluates the influence of three potential routes for the liberation of LIB components (namely mechanical, thermomechanical, and electrohydraulic fragmentation) on the recovery of lithium metal oxides (LMOs) and spheroidized graphite particles using froth flotation. The products of the three liberation routes were characterized using SEM-based automated image analysis. It was found that the mechanical process enabled the delamination of active materials from the foils, which remained intact at coarser sizes along with the casing and separator. However, binder preservation hinders active material liberation, as indicated by their aggregation. The electrohydraulic fragmentation route resulted in liberated active materials with a minor impact on morphology. The coarse fractions thus produced consist of the electrode foils, casing, and separator. Notwithstanding, it has the disadvantage of forming heterogeneous agglomerates containing liberated active particles. This was attributed to the dissolution of the anode binder and its rehardening after drying, capturing previously liberated particles. Finally, the thermomechanical process showed a preferential liberation of individual anode active particles and thus was considered the preferred upstream route for flotation. However, the thermal treatment oxidized Al foils, rendering them brittle and resulting in their distribution in all size fractions. Among the three, the thermomechanical black mass showed the highest flotation selectivity due to the removal of the binder, resulting in a product recovery of 94.4% graphite in the overflow and 89.4% LMOs in the underflow product. 

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsestengg.2c00177

Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling─Influence of Recycling Processes on Component Liberation and Flotation Separation Efficiency

Lithium-ion batteries are crucial for non-emission technologies, like electric vehicles and renewable energy sources. The growing battery market causes supply risks for affected raw materials like cobalt, nickel, natural graphite and, in the future, lithium. On the other hand, the number of end-of-life Li-ion batteries grows significantly and provides an additional source for these critical materials via recycling. In electrohydraulic fragmentation (EHF), Li-ion battery cells are disintegrated at component interfaces, thus separating those components. Battery materials like cathode active material, graphite, electrode foils and housing parts can be extracted for producing new batteries or for further refining in hydrometallurgical processing. Compared to state-of-the-art pyrometallurgical recycling, the EHF is more energy and cost efficient due to the easy processing to a valuable battery material product.

Efficient Process for Li-Ion Battery Recycling via Electrohydraulic Fragmentation

Lithium-ion batteries represent a key technology for the energy transition and electro mobility. Due to the growing battery market the amount of end-of-life batteries increases and thus a valuable source of raw materials. With a new functional and material specific recycling process, the battery materials shall be recovered, reconditioned and reused most efficient. At present energy-intensive metallurgical methods are used to recycle end-of-life batteries and production waste from battery manufacturing or automotive. With these methods only specific elements can be recovered. The added value depends on the market prices of the raw elements copper, aluminum, nickel or cobalt. The aspired recovery of the primal battery materials like Li-, Ni- and Co-containing chemical compounds and high-grade carbons for remanufacturing new cells, is more valuable instead of resynthesizing with high effort. The presented process of electrohydraulic fragmentation is energy- and resource-efficient and suitable for production residues as well as waste products.

New efficient Recycling Process for Li-ion Batteries

Recycling von Li-Ionen-Batterien

Battery Recycling: Focus on Li-ion Batteries

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