This handbook looks to provide academics and students with a comprehensive and holistic understanding of the phenomenon of innovation. Innovation spans a number of fields within the social sciences and humanities: Management, Economics, Geography, Sociology, Politics, Psychology, and History. Consequently, the rapidly increasing body of literature on innovation is characterized by a multitude of perspectives based on, or cutting across, existing disciplines and specializations. Scholars of innovation can come from such diverse starting points that much of this literature can be missed, and so constructive dialogues missed. The editors of The Oxford Handbook of Innovation have carefully selected and designed twenty-one contributions from leading academic experts within their particular field, each focusing on a specific aspect of innovation. These have been organized into four main sections, the first of which looks at the creation of innovations, with particular focus on firms and networks. Section Two provides an account of the wider systematic setting influencing innovation and the role of institutions and organizations in this context. Section Three explores some of the diversity in the working of innovation over time and across different sectors of the economy, and Section Four focuses on the consequences of innovation with respect to economic growth, international competitiveness, and employment. An introductory overview, concluding remarks, and guide to further reading for each chapter, make this handbook a key introduction and vital reference work for researchers, academics, and advanced students of innovation. Contributors to this volume - Jan Fagerberg, University of Oslo William Lazonick, INSEAD Walter W. Powell, Stanford University Keith Pavitt, SPRU Alice Lam, Brunel University Keith Smith, INTECH Charles Edquist, Linkoping David Mowery, University of California, Berkeley Mary O'Sullivan, INSEAD Ove Granstrand, Chalmers Bjorn Asheim, University of Lund Rajneesh Narula, Copenhagen Business School Antonello Zanfei, Urbino Kristine Bruland, University of Oslo Franco Malerba, University of Bocconi Nick Von Tunzelmann, SPRU Ian Miles, University of Manchester Bronwyn Hall, University of California, Berkeley Bart Verspagen , ECIS Francisco Louca, ISEG Manuel M. Godinho, ISEG Richard R. Nelson, Mario Pianta, Urbino Bengt-Ake Lundvall, Aalborg

The Oxford Handbook of Innovation

Innovation Management: Strategies, Implementation and Profits Afuah, Allan, 403 pp., New York, Oxford University Press, 1998. Reviewed by Subodh P. Kulkarni, Assistant Professor in School of Business at Howard University, Washington, D.C. In this book, Allan Afuah addresses a topic of fundamental interest to practicing managers and researchers -- "innovation management." Although the significance of innovation is widely acknowledged, the different streams of literature that currently exist seem to be oblivious to one another. Many times, these ideas seem inconsistent. This includes the definition of the term "innovation" itself. Therefore, a work that truly integrates the different views on innovation is much needed. This book fills that void by synthesizing the economics and management literature on innovation. This book is broadly divided into four parts. Part I consists of Chapters 2, 3, and 4. It explores some of the static and dynamic models that have been developed in the past to explain why some firms are more successful at innovation than others. Understanding what it takes to profit from an innovation requires exploring four questions: (1) How different is the firm's stock of knowledge from the existing firms'? (2) To whom is innovation radical? (3) What allows some firms to use this knowledge to offer low cost or differentiated products or services better than others? (4) When in the innovation life cycle does a firm want to exploit it? The author further argues that the ability of a firm to offer low cost or differentiated products or services is a function of its ability to perform value chain activities. Here the author draws on the "resource-based view of the firm'.`, that is well known in strategic management. Finally, the author explores the sources of innovation and what it takes to transfer innovations effectively from their sources to exploitation sites. Part II builds on the foundations laid earlier in the book. It first addresses the question of why some firms have difficulties in recognizing the potential of an innovation. According to the author, this is partly because of the way firms collect and process information. Next, the book addresses the uncertainty associated with innovation. This uncertainty can be largely resolved through a careful analysis of innovation trends on a firm's part. Even after dealing with technological uncertainty, a firm is often left wondering where it should position itself along the value chain (e.g., upstream or downstream). Chapter 7 suggests a three-step process to determine a profit site. In Chapters 8 and 9, the author explores the role of a firm's local environment in its innovation effectiveness. …

Innovation Management: Strategies, Implementation and Profits

Beugelsdijk S. and Van Schaik T. (2005) Differences in social capital between 54 Western European regions, Regional Studies 39 , 1053–1064. Based on the extant literature, a newly developed index measuring social capital at the regional level in Europe is presented. It is shown that there are large regional differences on this social capital index. It was tested if higher scores on this social capital index correlate with higher levels of economic development and regional economic growth in 54 Western European regions. Though further research is required, these preliminary results suggest a positive relationship exists between social capital and regional economic development. The paper concludes with suggestions for future empirical research.

Differences in social capital between 54 western European regions

Is social capital the 'missing link' in economics? In this vital new book, the authors argue that the 'forgotten' production factor of social capital is as crucial in economic decision-making as the other more traditional factors of production such as physical, financial and human capital. They attempt to bridge the gap between theory and reality by examining the main factors that determine entrepreneurship, co-operative movements and the creation and destruction of social capital. To address the question of how social capital is created and destroyed, the authors develop an interdisciplinary approach combining political science, economics, anthropology, sociology and history. They show how bridging social capital enforces personal contact and acts as a lubricator for human co-operation, whereas bonding social capital enforces distance between people, increasing mistrust and, consequently, transaction costs. They demonstrate how entrepreneurship can facilitate voluntary collective action and create inclusive forms of social capital. Crucial in this respect is that entrepreneurs are motivated not only by economic incentives but also by social motives. Applying historical and contemporary case studies, they identify the serious human and economic consequences that result when social capital is disregarded. The authors believe that the implications of such a discovery demand a re-evaluation of traditional economic theory. This book will contribute substantially to academic and popular debates on social capital and will be an invaluable source of reference for all social scientists. It will particularly appeal to students and scholars of public policy, economics, sociology, political science, anthropology and history.

Book review: The creation and destruction of social capital, entrepreneurship, co-operative movements and institutions

The entrepreneurship and higher education literatures suggest that universities cannot generate significant knowledge spillovers unless knowledge creation is followed by knowledge transformation an...

Three-ring entrepreneurial university: in search of a new business model

This paper analyses how and why different forms of social capital are associated with different forms of innovation within the Communities First programme in Wales. Quantitative analysis shows that...

/pdf/innovation-social-capital-and-regional-policy-the-case-of-38ufdyzyex.pdf

Innovation, social capital, and regional policy: the case of the communities first programme in Wales

Purpose




The purpose of this paper is to identify whether the entrepreneurial activities of universities in the UK can be statistically grouped together.




Design/methodology/approach




This paper is performing a principal component analysis (PCA) of the 2009/2010 UK Higher Education Business and Community Interaction Survey (HE-BCIS) data for the third stream activities of universities in the UK.




Findings




The PCA of the 144 included institutions identified four groups of entrepreneurial activities being engaged in by universities in the UK. Three of the four groups were related to spin-offs, labelled as “Staff Spin-off Activity”, “Non-HEI Owned Spin-Off Activity” and “Graduate Start-up Activity”. The remaining factor has been named “University Knowledge Exploitation Activity (UKEA)” and encompasses a wide range of university knowledge creation, exchange and exploitation activities.




Research limitations/implications




The research indicates, through a ranking system for each university for the various groups of entrepreneurial activities, that universities are often entrepreneurial in just one or two of the groups of entrepreneurial activities identified by the PCA. Identifying what is causing those differences is required to further understand why we see this variation across the HE sector.




Originality/value




The use of a PCA to identify groups of entrepreneurial activities is a novel approach. Typically studies use a select few indicators, such as spin-offs or patents to analyse the entrepreneurial activities of universities. This study uses PCA to group together statistically related activities which can then be used to identify what is driving these groups of activities in future studies.

/pdf/identifying-groups-of-entrepreneurial-activities-at-3bny207w3l.pdf

Identifying groups of entrepreneurial activities at universities

Third Stream Activity (TSA) is increasingly important to UK universities and the wider economy, through innovation and entrepreneurship. Using data from the 2009/2010 UK Higher Education Business and Community Interaction Survey, this study investigates UK universities’ TSA. Through considering the data in original and logged forms, two interpretations of TSA are investigated, in relation to entrepreneurial and enterprising university concepts. Using principle component analysis (PCA) on both data forms, four factors relating to universities’ TSA are identified. A nascent indexing approach is employed to create sub-indexes using the identified factors, weight aggregated to produce final TSA indexes (one for each form of the data). Comparisons are then made between rankings of universities using the two versions of TSA index, and sub-indexes, illustrating differences utilising the entrepreneurial and enterprising university concepts. Important questions are raised for future government policy in te...

/pdf/indexing-third-stream-activities-in-uk-universities-1nmbe6jqi1.pdf

Indexing third stream activities in UK universities: exploring the entrepreneurial/enterprising university

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Innovation, social capital, and regional policy: the case of the communities first programme in Wales

Identifying groups of entrepreneurial activities at universities

Indexing third stream activities in UK universities: exploring the entrepreneurial/enterprising university