MAROON-X is a red-optical, high precision radial velocity spectrograph currently nearing completion and undergoing extensive performance testing at the University of Chicago. The instrument is scheduled to be installed at Gemini North in the first quarter of 2019. MAROON-X will be the only RV spectrograph on a large telescope with full access by the entire US community. In these proceedings we discuss the latest addition of the red wavelength arm and the two science grade detector systems, as well as the design and construction of the telescope front end. We also present results from ongoing RV stability tests in the lab. First results indicate that MAROON-X can be calibrated at the sub-m s−1 level, and perhaps even much better than that using a simultaneous reference approach.

MAROON-X: a radial velocity spectrograph for the Gemini Observatory

MAROON-X is a fiber-fed, red-optical, high precision radial velocity spectrograph recently commissioned at the Gemini North telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawai’i. With a resolving power of 85,000 and a wavelength coverage of 500–920 nm, it delivers radial velocity measurements for late K and M dwarfs with sub-50 cm s−1 precision. MAROON-X is currently the only optical EPRV spectrograph on a 8 m-class telescope in the northern hemisphere and the only EPRV instrument on a large telescope with full access by the entire US comm report here on the results of the commissioning campaign in December 2019 and early science results.

On-sky commissioning of MAROON-X: a new precision radial velocity spectrograph for Gemini North

HISPEC (High-resolution Infrared Spectrograph for Exoplanet Characterization) is an infrared (0.95 to 2.46 microns) cross-dispersed, R=100,000 single-mode fiber-fed diffraction-limited echellette spectrograph for the Keck II telescope’s adaptive optics (AO) system. MODHIS (Multi-Objective Diffraction-limited High-resolution Infrared Spectrograph) shares similar specifications as HISPEC while being optimized for TMT’s first-light AO system NFIRAOS. Keck-HISPEC (2025) then TMT-MODHIS will provide increasingly compelling science capabilities from exoplanet atmosphere characterization through both transit and direct high-contrast spectroscopy, to detection and mass measurements through infrared precision radial velocity (RV). The science cases include the precise RV measurements of stars orbiting the Galactic Center, Solar System studies, and the chemodynamical history of nearby dwarf galaxies and the galactic halo.

Fiber-fed high-resolution infrared spectroscopy at the diffraction limit with Keck-HISPEC and TMT-MODHIS: status update

We present the design and test results of a double-scrambler and fiber agitator system for the Keck Planet Finder (KPF) spectrograph. The mechanical agitator for modal noise suppression is constructed from two linear stages with the fibers mounted in a “W” curve. When driven back-and-forth at different rates, the stages change the position of the fiber curves, and hence vary the modes propagating through the fiber. Near-field temporal centroid shifts caused by modal-noise are reduced by a factor of 100 by the agitator, while mid-range spatial frequencies have reduced power by a factor of ∼300 in the near-field, and ∼1000 in the far-field. The scrambling system incorporates two octagonal fibers, and a scrambler consisting of two identical cemented lenses ∼20 cm apart, which exchanges the optical near- and far-fields of the fibers. The scrambler shows scrambling gains >16,000 in the near-field, and >40,000 in the far-field. The measured throughput efficiency of 99.3% of the expected maximum demonstrates that scrambler-induced focal ratio degradation (FRD) is minimal. The scrambler also serves as the feed-through into the vacuum chamber where the spectrograph is housed, thereby removing concerns about stressing the fibers, and introducing FRD, at this interface. Our illumination stabilization system, consisting of two octagonal fibers, a two lens scrambler, and a mechanical agitator, produces very homogeneous fiber output in both the near and far-fields. When coupled to the Keck Planet Finder spectrograph, this system provides illumination stability corresponding to a velocity of 0.30 m s^(−1).

/pdf/a-optical-fiber-double-scrambler-and-mechanical-agitator-3nf500pbcp.pdf

A optical fiber double scrambler and mechanical agitator system for the Keck planet finder spectrograph

MAROON-X is a fiber-fed, red-optical, high precision radial velocity spectrograph recently commissioned at the Gemini North telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawai'i. With a resolving power of 85,000 and a wavelength coverage of 500-920 nm, it delivers radial velocity measurements for late K and M dwarfs with sub-50 cm s$^{-1}$ precision. MAROON-X is currently the only optical EPRV spectrograph on a 8m-class telescope in the northern hemisphere and the only EPRV instrument on a large telescope with full access by the entire US community. We report here on the results of the commissioning campaign in December 2019 and early science results.

On-sky commissioning of MAROON-X: A new precision radial velocity spectrograph for Gemini North

The Keck Planet Finder (KPF) is a fiber-fed, high-resolution, high-stability spectrometer in development for the W.M. Keck Observatory. The instrument recently passed its preliminary design review and is currently in the detailed design phase. KPF is designed to characterize exoplanets using Doppler spectroscopy with a single measurement precision of 0.5 m s^(−1) or better; however, its resolution and stability will enable a wide variety of other astrophysical pursuits. KPF will have a 200 mm collimated beam diameter and a resolving power greater than 80,000. The design includes a green channel (445 nm to 600 nm) and red channel (600 nm to 870 nm). A novel design aspect of KPF is the use of a Zerodur optical bench, and Zerodur optics with integral mounts, to provide stability against thermal expansion and contraction effects.

Keck Planet Finder: preliminary design

A simple method for determining the focal ratio degradation of optical fibers has been developed. The method involves splitting the light from the test fiber and recording ring patterns that have traveled over two different, and known, optical paths. This new method will be valuable for testing many fibers as will be needed for new multiobject astronomical spectrographs.

Collimated focal ratio degradation testing for highly multiplexed fiber systems—an improvement to a standard test

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Keck Planet Finder: preliminary design

Collimated focal ratio degradation testing for highly multiplexed fiber systems—an improvement to a standard test