A natural anti-obesity reagent derived from sea buckthorn polysaccharides: Structure characterization and anti-obesity evaluation in vivo

Metabolic diseases have become a public health problem worldwide. Effective, novel and natural therapies are urgently needed to treat metabolic diseases. As natural bioactive compounds, polysaccharides have many physiological and medicinal properties. Recently, herb-derived polysaccharides have shown beneficial effects in the treatment of metabolic diseases, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This review comprehensively summarizes the pharmacological progress and clinical evidence of herb-derived polysaccharides in the treatment of three metabolic diseases, namely type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity, and more importantly, discusses the molecular mechanism involved. Existing evidence has proved that herb-derived polysaccharides can maintain glucose homeostasis, promote insulin secretion, improve insulin resistance, reduce weight gain and hepatic steatosis, inhibit lipogenesis, alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation, and improve gut microbiota disorders in rodents with metabolic diseases. Notably, so far, human clinical trials of herb-derived polysaccharides for these three metabolic diseases remain rare. All in all, herb-derived polysaccharides may have good potential as drug candidates for the prevention and management of metabolic diseases. More high-quality clinical trials are needed to further validate its effectiveness and safety in human subjects. 

Managing metabolic diseases: The roles and therapeutic prospects of herb-derived polysaccharides.

Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are responsible for maintaining pulp structure and function after pulp injury. DPSCs migrate directionally to the injury site before differentiating into odontoblast-like cells, which is a prerequisite and a determinant in pulp repair. Increasing evidence suggests that sensory neuron-stem cell crosstalk is critical for maintaining normal physiological functions, and sensory nerves influence stem cells mainly by neuropeptides. However, the role of sensory nerves on DPSC behaviors after pulp injury is largely unexplored. Here, we find that sensory nerves released significant amounts of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) near the injury site, acting directly on DPSCs via receptor activity modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) to promote collective migration of DPSCs to the injury site, and ultimately promoting pulp repair. Specifically, sensory denervation leads to poor pulp repair and ectopic mineralization, in parallel with that DPSCs failed to be recruited to the injury site. Furthermore, in vitro evidence shows that sensory nerve-deficient microenvironment suppressed DPSC migration prominently among all related behaviors. Mechanistically, the CGRP-Ramp1 axis between sensory neurons and DPSCs was screened by single-cell RNA-seq analysis and immunohistochemical studies confirmed that the expression of CGRP rather than Ramp1 increases substantially near the damaged site. We further demonstrated that CGRP released by sensory nerves binds the receptor Ramp1 on DPSCs to facilitate cell collective migration by an indirect co-culture system using conditioned medium from trigeminal neurons, CGRP recombinant protein and antagonists BIBN4096. The treatment with exogenous CGRP promoted the recruitment of DPSCs, and ultimately enhanced the quality of pulp repair. Targeting the sensory nerve could therefore provide a new strategy for stem cell-based pulp repair and regeneration. 

Sensory nerves drive migration of dental pulp stem cells via the CGRP-Ramp1 axis in pulp repair

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic organ in rodents and humans. In mice, the transplantation of BAT has been successfully used to combat obesity and its comorbidities. While such beneficial properties of BAT are now evident, the developmental and cellular origins of brown, beige, and white adipocytes have remained only poorly understood, especially in humans. We recently discovered that CD90 is highly expressed in stromal cells isolated from human white adipose tissue (WAT) compared to BAT. Here, we studied whether CD90 interferes with brown or white adipogenesis or white adipocyte beiging. We applied flow cytometric sorting of human adipose tissue stromal cells (ASCs), a CRISPR/Cas9 knockout strategy in the human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) adipocyte model system, as well as a siRNA approach in human approaches supports the hypothesis that CD90 affects brown or white adipogenesis or white adipocyte beiging in humans. Taken together, our findings call the conclusions drawn from previous studies, which claimed a central role of CD90 in adipocyte differentiation, into question.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/21/7907/pdf

CD90 Is Dispensable for White and Beige/Brown Adipocyte Differentiation.

In der regenerativen Medizin versucht man schon seit langerer Zeit Erkenntnisse
 der Stammzellforschung zu optimieren und mit diesen, trotz groser Hurden, eine
 praktische Anwendung zu finden. Aus dem Fettgewebe isolierte multipotente
 Stammzellen scheinen ein Schritt in die richtige Richtung zu sein, da diese
 Zellen den mesenchymalen Stammzellen, die aus dem Knochenmark gewonnen wurden,
 in vielen Punkten uberlegen sind. Dieser Artikel behandelt die Vor- und die
 Nachteile sowie das Anwendungsspektrum dieser Stammzellen.

Fettes Potential – Stammzellen des Fettgewebes in der regenerativen Medizin

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CD90 Is Dispensable for White and Beige/Brown Adipocyte Differentiation.

Fettes Potential – Stammzellen des Fettgewebes in der regenerativen Medizin