https://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/pdf/S1360-1385(99)01401-6.pdf

Resin-based defenses in conifers.

Physiological ecology of natural regeneration of harvested and disturbed forest stands: implications for forest management

Trends and concepts in fern classification

Bioreactors provide a rapid and efficient plant propagation system for many agricultural and forestry species, utilizing liquid media to avoid intensive manual handling. Large-scale liquid cultures have been used for micropropagation through organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis pathways. Various types of bioreactors with gas-sparged mixing are suitable for the production of clusters of buds, meristems or protocorms. A simple glass bubble-column bioreactor for the proliferation of ornamental and vegetable crop species resulted in biomass increase of 3 to 6-fold in 3–4 weeks. An internal loop bioreactor was used for asparagus, celery and cucumber embryogenic cultures. However, as the biomass increased, the mixing and circulation were not optimal and growth was reduced. A disposable pre-sterilized plastic bioreactor (2–5-l volume) was used for the proliferation of meristematic clusters of several ornamental, vegetable and woody plant species. The plastic bioreactor induced minimal shearing and foaming, resulting in an increase in biomass as compared to the glass bubble-column bioreactor. A major issue related to the use of liquid media in bioreactors is hyperhydricity, that is, morphogenic malformation. Liquid cultures impose stress signals that are expressed in developmental aberrations. Submerged tissues exhibit oxidative stress, with elevated concentrations of reactive oxygen species associated with a change in antioxidant enzyme activity. These changes affect the anatomy and physiology of the plants and their survival. Malformation was controlled by adding growth retardants to decrease rapid proliferation. Growth retardants ancymidol or paclobutrazol reduced water uptake during cell proliferation, decreased vacuolation and intercellular spaces, shortened the stems and inhibited leaf expansion, inducing the formation of clusters. Using a two-stage bioreactor process, the medium was changed in the second stage to a medium lacking growth retardants to induce development of the meristematic clusters into buds or somatic embryos. Cluster biomass increased 10–15-fold during a period of 25–30 days depending on the species. Potato bud clusters cultured in 1.5 1 of medium in a 2-l capacity bioreactor, increased during 10–30 days. Poplar in vitro roots regenerated buds in the presence of thidiazuron (TDZ); the biomass increased 12-fold in 30 days. Bioreactor-regenerated clusters were separated with a manual cutter, producing small propagule units that formed shoots and initiated roots. Clusters of buds or meristematic nodules with reduced shoots, as well as arrested leaf growth, had less distortion and were optimal for automated cutting and dispensing. In tuber-, bulb- and corm-producing plants, growth retardants and elevated sucrose concentrations in the media were found to enhance storage organ formation, providing a better propagule for transplanting or storage. Bioreactor-cultures have several advantages compared with agar-based cultures, with a better control of the contact of the plant tissue with the culture medium, and optimal nutrient and growth regulator supply, as well as aeration and medium circulation, the filtration of the medium and the scaling-up of the cultures. Micropropagation in bioreactors for optimal plant production will depend on a better understanding of plant responses to signals from the microenvironment and on specific culture manipulation to control the morphogenesis of plants in liquid cultures.

Simple bioreactors for mass propagation of plants

Gene transfer and plant regeneration systems have been developed for European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) in our laboratory. Aseptically germinated young seedlings were hypocotyl wound-inoculated withAgrobacterium rhizogenes strains 11325 containing a wild-type Ri (root-inducing) plasmid. Swollen stems appeared at infected wounds followed by either abundant hairy roots or adventitious shoot buds that developed within 3 to 4 wk after inoculation. No symptoms were seen on wounded but uninoculated seedlings. We demonstrated agrobacteria attached to larch cells by examination of scanning electron micrographs. Subsequently, calli derived from symptomatic tissues exhibited phytohormone autotrophic growth. Adventitious buds were elongated and rooted in vitro before being transferred to the greenhouse where the transformed whole plants grew normally. Transformants tested positive for opine production and transformation was further confirmed by Southern blot analysis with larch genomic DNAs isolated from both proliferated calli and needle tissue of transgenic plants.

Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation and regeneration of a conifer:Larix decidua

Keynote Address.- Biotechnology Applied to the Improvement of Underground Systems of Woody Plants.- Tissue Culture Systems.- Gene Transfer in Forest Trees.- In Vitro Manipulation of Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii).- Potential Application of Haploid Cultures of Tree Species.- Biochemical and Anatomical Studies of Birch (Betula pendula Roth) Buds Exposed to Different Climatic Conditions in Relation to Growth In Vitro.- Physiological Genetics of Organogenesis In Vitro.- Tissue Culture of Conifers Using Loblolly Pine as a Model.- Use of Leaf Petioles of Hedera helix to Study Regulation of Adventitious Root Initiation.- Nodule Culture: A Developmental Pathway with High Potential for Regeneration, Automated Micropropagation, and Plant Metabolite Production from Woody Plants.- Physiology of Bud Induction in Conifers In Vitro.- Use of Protoplasts and Cell Cultures for Physiological and Genetic Studies of Conifers.- Plantlet Regeneration In Vitro Via Adventitious Buds and Somatic Embryos in Norway Spruce (Picea abies).- Dna Analysis and Manipulation.- Analysis of Host Range in Transformation of Higher Plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens.- Development of a DNA Transfer System for Pines.- Development of Glyphosate-Tolerant Populus Plants through Expression of a Mutant aroA Gene from Salmonella typhimurium.- Inheritance and Evolution of Conifer Organelle Genomes.- DNA Analysis During Growth and Development.- The Anaerobic Stress Response and its Use for Studying Gene Expression in Conifers.- Regulation of Gene Expression.- Metabolic Phenotypes in Somatic Embryogenesis and Polyembryogenesis.- Alkaloid Production from Cinchona Cell and Organ Systems.- Biosynthesis of Lower Terpenoids: Genetic and Physiological Controls in Woody Plants.- Approaches to Altering Regulatory Controls of Secondary Pathways in Cultured Cells.- Tissue Cultures of Euphorbia Species.- Control of Morphogenesis in Calocedrus decurrens Tissue Culture.- Intregration of Genetic Manipulation into Breeding Programs.- Potential of Cell Culture in Plantation Forestry Programs.- Multiplication of Meristematic Tissue: A New Tissue Culture System for Radiata Pine.- Integrating Biotechnology into Woody Plant Breeding Programs.- Contents: Poster Abstracts.- Poster Abstracts.- Roster of Speakers, Participants, and Personnel.

Genetic Manipulation of Woody Plants

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Genetic Manipulation of Woody Plants