A fruitful direction for future data mining research will be the development of techniques that incorporate privacy concerns. Specifically, we address the following question. Since the primary task in data mining is the development of models about aggregated data, can we develop accurate models without access to precise information in individual data records? We consider the concrete case of building a decision-tree classifier from training data in which the values of individual records have been perturbed. The resulting data records look very different from the original records and the distribution of data values is also very different from the original distribution. While it is not possible to accurately estimate original values in individual data records, we propose a novel reconstruction procedure to accurately estimate the distribution of original data values. By using these reconstructed distributions, we are able to build classifiers whose accuracy is comparable to the accuracy of classifiers built with the original data.

Privacy-preserving data mining

Plethysmographic signals were measured remotely (>1m) using ambient light and a simple consumer level digital camera in movie mode. Heart and respiration rates could be quantified up to several harmonics. Although the green channel featuring the strongest plethysmographic signal, corresponding to an absorption peak by (oxy-) hemoglobin, the red and blue channels also contained plethysmographic information. The results show that ambient light photo-plethysmography may be useful for medical purposes such as characterization of vascular skin lesions (e.g., port wine stains) and remote sensing of vital signs (e.g., heart and respiration rates) for triage or sports purposes.

/pdf/remote-plethysmographic-imaging-using-ambient-light-2yjd5b5jb7.pdf

Remote plethysmographic imaging using ambient light

Publisher Summary
The Hippocratic Oath has guided the conduct of physicians for centuries. Inspired by its tenet of preserving privacy, it has been argued that future database systems must include responsibility for the privacy of data that they manage as a founding tenet. The explosive progress in networking, storage, and processor technologies is resulting in an unprecedented amount of digitization of information. It is estimated that the amount of information in the world is doubling every 20 months, and the size and number of databases are increasing even faster. In concert with this dramatic and escalating increase in digital data, concerns about the privacy of personal information have emerged globally. Privacy issues have been further exacerbated, now that the Internet makes it easy for new data to be automatically collected and added to databases. Privacy is the fight of individuals to determine for themselves when, how, and to what extent information about them is communicated to others. Privacy concerns are being fueled by an ever-increasing list of privacy violations, ranging from privacy accidents to illegal actions. Lax security for sensitive data is of equal concern.

Chapter 14 – Hippocratic Databases

A plurality of computer nodes communicate using seemingly random Internet Protocol source and destination addresses. Data packets matching criteria defined by a moving window of valid addresses are accepted for further processing, while those that do not meet the criteria are quickly rejected. Improvements to the basic design include (1) a load balancer that distributes packets across different transmission paths according to transmission path quality; (2) a DNS proxy server that transparently creates a virtual private network in response to a domain name inquiry; (3) a large-to-small link bandwidth management feature that prevents denial-of-service attacks at system chokepoints; (4) a traffic limiter that regulates incoming packets by limiting the rate at which a transmitter can be synchronized with a receiver; and (5) a signaling synchronizer that allows a large number of nodes to communicate with a central node by partitioning the communication function between two separate entities.

Agile network protocol for secure communications with assured system availability

Capillary malformation (CM), or "port-wine stain," is a common cutaneous vascular anomaly that initially appears as a red macular stain that darkens over years. CM also occurs in several combined vascular anomalies that exhibit hypertrophy, such as Sturge-Weber syndrome, Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, and Parkes Weber syndrome. Occasional familial segregation of CM suggests that there is genetic susceptibility, underscored by the identification of a large locus, CMC1, on chromosome 5q. We used genetic fine mapping with polymorphic markers to reduce the size of the CMC1 locus. A positional candidate gene, RASA1, encoding p120-RasGAP, was screened for mutations in 17 families. Heterozygous inactivating RASA1 mutations were detected in six families manifesting atypical CMs that were multiple, small, round to oval in shape, and pinkish red in color. In addition to CM, either arteriovenous malformation, arteriovenous fistula, or Parkes Weber syndrome was documented in all the families with a mutation. We named this newly identified association caused by RASA1 mutations "CM-AVM," for capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation. The phenotypic variability can be explained by the involvement of p120-RasGAP in signaling for various growth factor receptors that control proliferation, migration, and survival of several cell types, including vascular endothelial cells.

/pdf/capillary-malformation-arteriovenous-malformation-a-new-45w4bn9xcq.pdf

Capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation, a new clinical and genetic disorder caused by RASA1 mutations.

The Nature and Evolution of Port Wine Stains: A Computer-assisted Study

Sandboxes, code signing, firewalls, and proof carrying code are all techniques that address the inherent security risks of mobile code. The article summarizes the relative merits of each. It is concluded that each of these techniques offers something different, and the best approach is probably a combination of security mechanisms. The sandbox and code signing approaches are already being hybridized. Combining these with firewalling techniques such as the playground gives an extra layer of security. The PCC approach is not yet ready for prime time, but the ability to prove safety properties of code is an important element in the arsenal available for securing mobile code. None of the techniques can do much to protect users from social engineering attacks, where a user is somehow fooled into revealing something they shouldn't reveal. For example, JavaScript can be employed in a way that fools a user into revealing passwords to a remote server. Java applets could be used to do this as well, even under the strictest security policy. User education is the only way to combat mobile code attacks that are based on social engineering.

Mobile code security

Caught in Our Own Web. Basic Browser Security. Advanced Browser Security and User Privacy. Interpreting Scripts in the Browser. Basic Server-Side Security. Advanced Server-Side Security. Creating Secure CGI Scripts. Firewalls and the Web. Transaction Security and the Web. Securing Web Commerce. What's Next? Security in a Rapidly Changing World. Appendices. Index.

Web Security Sourcebook

Developing security methods for the Web is a daunting task, in part because security concerns arose after the fact. Today, with an internationally connected user network and rapidly expanding Web functionality, reliability and security are critical. Vendors engaged in retrofitting security must contend with the Web environment's peculiarities, which include location irrelevance, statelessness, code and user mobility, and stranger-to-stranger communication. The authors offer a survey of Web security issues, focusing on particular areas of concern, such as server security, mobile code, data transfer, and user privacy.

A survey of Web security

• Studies have shown port-wine stains (PWSs) probably represent an aneurysmal dilation and ectasia of the cutaneous vascular plexus. The abnormal vessels are largely included within a 0.6-mm subepidermal zone, which is within the argon laser destruction range. Twenty-eight patients with PWSs underwent biopsies prior to argon laser treatment and repeated biopsies 4½ months later. Those lesions (23) that contained large ectatic blood-filled vessels responded well to argon laser therapy in contrast to those (five) in which the vessels were relatively small and erythrocyte free. A similar histologic pattern was seen in the repeated biopsy specimens of both groups: the mean vessel area, the fraction of dermis occupied by vessels, vascular erythrocyte content, and vessel wall thickness sharply decreased, while the number of vessels tripled. Since lesion color strongly correlates with and probably is largely determined by erythrocyte content, the reason for the PWS lightening, despite increased vessel number, is the relative lack of erythrocytes in the newly formed vessels. ( Arch Dermatol 1981;117:486-489)

https://jamanetwork.com/HttpHandlers/ArticlePdfHandler.ashx?journal=DERM&articleId=542350&pdfFileName=archderm_117_8_025.pdf

Healing of Port-Wine Stains After Argon Laser Therapy

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