Significant research and development has been invested in technical issues related to person following. However, a systematic approach for designing robotic person-following behavior that maintains appropriate social conventions across contexts has not yet been developed. To understand why this may be the case, an in-depth literature review of 221 articles on person-following robots was performed, from which 107 are referenced. From these papers, six relevant topics were identified that shed light on the types of social interactions that have been studied in person-following scenarios: 1) applications; 2) robotic systems; 3) environments; 4) following strategies; 5) human–robot communication; and 6) evaluation methods. Gaps in the existing research on person-following robots were identified, mainly in addressing social interaction and user needs, noting that only 25 articles reported proper user studies. Human-related, robot-related, task-related, and environment-related factors that are likely to influence people’s spatial preferences and expectations of a robot’s person-following behavior are then discussed. To guide the design of socially aware person following robots, a user-needs layered design framework that combines the four factor categories is proposed. The framework provides a systematic way to incorporate social considerations in the design of person-following robots. Finally, framework limitations and future challenges in the field are presented and discussed.

Toward Socially Aware Person-Following Robots

Vehicle movement on unpaved surfaces is important to military, agriculture, forestry, mining, construction, and recreation industries. Because of the complicated nature of vehicle-terrain ...

Finite Element Modeling of Tires on Snow2

Estimation of net traction for differential-steered wheeled robots

The National Science Foundation operates stations on the ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland to investigate Earth's climate history, life in extreme environments, and the evolution of the cosmos. Understandably, logistics costs predominate budgets due to the remote locations and harsh environments involved. Currently, manual ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys must preceed vehicle travel across polar ice sheets to detect subsurface crevasses or other voids. This exposes the crew to the risks of undetected hazards. We have developed an autonomous rover, Yeti, specifically to conduct GPR surveys across polar ice sheets. It is a simple four-wheel-drive, battery-powered vehicle that executes autonomous surveys via GPS waypoint following. We describe here three recent Yeti deployments, two in Antarctica and one in Greenland. Our key objective was to demonstrate the operational value of a rover to locate subsurface hazards. Yeti operated reliably at −30 °C, and it has has good oversnow mobility and adequate GPS accuracy for waypoint-following and hazard georeferencing. It has acquired data on hundreds of crevasse encounters to improve our understanding of heavily crevassed traverse routes and to develop automated crevasse-detection algorithms. Importantly, it helped to locate a previously undetected buried building at the South Pole. Yeti can improve safety by decoupling survey personnel from the consequences of undetected hazards. It also enables higher-quality systematic surveys to improve hazard-detection probabilities, increase assessment confidence, and build datasets to understand the evolution of these regions. Yeti has demonstrated that autonomous vehicles have great potential to improve the safety and efficiency of polar logistics. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Autonomous GPR Surveys using the Polar Rover Yeti

Sensors mounted on mobile robots could serve a variety of science missions in Antarctica. Although weather conditions can be harsh, Antarctic snowfields offer unique conditions to facilitate long-distance robot deployment: the absence of obstacles, firm snow with high albedo, and 24 h sunlight during the summer. We have developed a four-wheel-drive, solar-powered rover that capitalizes on these advantages. Analyses and field measurements confirm that solar power reflected from Antarctic snow contributes 30–40% of the power available to a robot consisting of a five-side box of solar panels. Mobility analyses indicate that the 80 kg rover can move at 0·8 m s−1 during clear sky conditions on firm snow into a 5 m s−1 headwind, twice the speed needed to achieve the design target of 500 km in 2 weeks. Local winter tests of the chassis demonstrated good grade-climbing ability and lower than predicted rolling resistance. Tests of the completed robot occurred in Greenland in 2005. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Solar power for an Antarctic rover

Mobility of a lightweight tracked robot over deep snow

: A 25-kg, dual-track robot was built to satisfy the sampling protocol for surface explosives residues in soils. A rotary-tube cutter takes fairly consistent samples in a variety of soil conditions. Each sample bag holds about 30 samples to form a composite that represents the sampled area. An onboard carousel holds six bags: five composite samples and a sixth bag to clean the tube to minimize cross-contamination. We designed the robot to operate autonomously to collect a composite sample, log the coordinates of the area sampled, complete a composite within about 20 minutes, and operate without intervention for about 2 hours. A person may tele-operate the robot between sampling areas and to and from a base station where batteries and sample bags may be replenished.

/pdf/semi-autonomous-robotic-sampler-for-explosives-residues-in-2ke2823fik.pdf

Semi-Autonomous Robotic Sampler for Explosives Residues in Surface Soils

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Mobility of a lightweight tracked robot over deep snow

Semi-Autonomous Robotic Sampler for Explosives Residues in Surface Soils