Injectable Microfluidic Hydrogel Microspheres for Cell and Drug Delivery

Natural polymers-based light-induced hydrogels: Promising biomaterials for biomedical applications

Microfluidic and cross-linking methods for encapsulation of living cells and bacteria - A review

This review article describes microfabrication techniques to define chemical, mechanical and structural patterns in hydrogels and how these can be used to prepare in vivo like, i.e. biomimetic, cell culture scaffolds. Hydrogels are attractive materials for 3D cell cultures as they provide ideal culture conditions and they are becoming more prominently used. Single material gels without any modifications do however have their limitation in use and much can be gained by in improving the in vivo resemblance of simple hydrogel cell culture scaffolds. This review article discusses the most commonly used cross-linking strategies used for hydrogel-based culture scaffolds and gives a brief introduction to microfabrication methods that can be used to define chemical, mechanical and structural patterns in hydrogels with micrometre resolution. The review article also describes a selection of literature references using these microfabrication techniques to prepare organ and disease models with controlled cell adhesion, proliferation and migration. It is intended to serve as an introduction to microfabrication of hydrogels and an inspiration for novel interdisciplinary research projects.

/pdf/a-practical-guide-to-microfabrication-and-patterning-of-53nvali7uq.pdf

A practical guide to microfabrication and patterning of hydrogels for biomimetic cell culture scaffolds

The photoinduced polymerization of monomers is currently an essential tool in various industries. The photopolymerization process plays an increasingly important role in biomedical applications. It is especially used in the production of dental composites. It also exhibits unique properties, such as a short time of polymerization of composites (up to a few seconds), low energy consumption, and spatial resolution (polymerization only in irradiated areas). This paper describes a short overview of the history and classification of different typical monomers and photoinitiating systems such as bimolecular photoinitiator system containing camphorquinone and aromatic amine, 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione, phosphine derivatives, germanium derivatives, hexaarylbiimidazole derivatives, silane-based derivatives and thioxanthone derivatives used in the production of dental composites with their limitations and disadvantages. Moreover, this article represents the challenges faced when using the latest inventions in the field of dental materials, with a particular focus on photoinitiating systems based on iodonium salts. The beneficial properties of dental composites cured using initiation systems based on iodonium salts have been demonstrated.

Moving Towards a Finer Way of Light-Cured Resin-Based Restorative Dental Materials: Recent Advances in Photoinitiating Systems Based on Iodonium Salts

Encapsulating cells within biocompatible materials is a widely pursued and promising element of tissue engineering and cell-based therapies. Recently, extensive interest in microfluidic-enabled cell encapsulation has emerged as a strategy to structure hydrogels and establish custom cellular microenvironments. In particular, it has been shown that the microfluidic-enabled photoencapsulation of cells within PEG diacrylate (PEGDA)-based microparticles can be performed cytocompatibly within gas-permeable, nitrogen-jacketed polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic devices, which mitigate the oxygen inhibition of radical chain growth photopolymerization. Compared to bulk polymerization, in which cells are suspended in a static hydrogel-forming solution during gelation, encapsulating cells via microfluidic processing exposes cells to a host of potentially deleterious stresses such as fluidic shear rate, transient oxygen depletion, elevated pressures, and UV exposure. In this work, we systematically examine the effects of these factors on the viability of cells that have been microfluidically photoencapsulated in PEGDA. It was found that the fluidic shear rate during microdroplet formation did not have a direct effect on cell viability, but the flow rate ratio of oil to aqueous solution would impart harmful effects to cells when a critical threshold was exceeded. The effects of UV exposure time and intensity on cells, however, are more complex, as they contribute unequally to the cumulative rate of peroxy radical generation, which is strongly correlated with cell viability. A reaction-diffusion model has been developed to calculate the cumulative peroxy radical concentration over a range of UV light intensity and radiation times, which was used to gain further quantitative understanding of experimental results. Conclusions drawn from this work provide a comprehensive guide to mitigate the physical and biochemical damage imparted to cells during microfluidic photoencapsulation and expands the potential for this technique.

/pdf/cytocompatible-cell-encapsulation-via-hydrogel-1wgazqohp4.pdf

Cytocompatible cell encapsulation via hydrogel photopolymerization in microfluidic emulsion droplets.

Hydrogels have been engineered for a variety of biomedical applications, including biosensing, drug delivery, cell delivery, and tissue engineering. The fabrication of hydrogels into nanoscale and microscale particles has been a subject of intense activity and promises to extend their range of applicability. As hydrogels are reduced in size, their interfacial properties represent an increasingly significant contribution to their function and behavior. Hydrogel microparticle-based biosensing and drug delivery platforms, for instance, requires delicate spatial control over the conjugation of biofunctional groups and network architecture, which impacts their mechanical properties and molecular permeability and diffusivity. Here, we demonstrate the ability to tune, with extraordinary precision, the interfacial properties of PEGDA particles generated in a droplet microfluidic device exploiting oxygen-inhibited photopolymerization. We demonstrate the broad utility of these engineered microgels by creating spherical particles with complex but predictable radial crosslinking density gradients. Immunoassays were conducted to examine the network properties of these particles, revealing a high degree of structural tenability, which, in turn, dictates macromolecule encapsulation and release profiles, as well as the presence of radial crosslinking gradients that impact the availability of functional groups.

Structured Hydrogel Particles With Nanofabricated Interfaces via Controlled Oxygen Inhibition

Interfacially-mediated oxygen inhibition for precise and continuous poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) particle fabrication.

Engineering functional hydrogel microparticle interfaces by controlled oxygen-inhibited photopolymerization

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Papers

Cytocompatible cell encapsulation via hydrogel photopolymerization in microfluidic emulsion droplets.

Structured Hydrogel Particles With Nanofabricated Interfaces via Controlled Oxygen Inhibition

Interfacially-mediated oxygen inhibition for precise and continuous poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) particle fabrication.

Engineering functional hydrogel microparticle interfaces by controlled oxygen-inhibited photopolymerization