The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), designated to be one of the instruments on a future Geo-stationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) series, will introduce a new era for U.S. geostationary environmental remote sensing. ABI is slated to be launched on GOES-R in 2012 and will be used for a wide range of weather, oceanographic, climate, and environmental applications. ABI will have more spectral bands (16), faster imaging (enabling more geographical areas to be scanned), and higher spatial resolution (2 km in the infrared and 1–0.5 km in the visible) than the current GOES Imager. The purposes of the selected spectral bands are summarized in this paper. There will also be improved performance with regard to radiometrics and image navigation/registration. ABI will improve all current GOES Imager products and introduce a host of new products. New capabilities will include detecting upper-level SO2 plumes, monitoring plant health on a diurnal time scale, inferring cloud-top phase and partic...

Introducing the next-generation advanced baseline imager on goes-r

. Primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP) are an important subset of air particulate matter with a substantial contribution to the organic aerosol fraction and potentially strong effects on public health and climate. Recent progress has been made in PBAP quantification by utilizing real-time bioaerosol detectors based on the principle that specific organic molecules of biological origin such as proteins, coenzymes, cell wall compounds and pigments exhibit intrinsic fluorescence. The properties of many fluorophores have been well documented, but it is unclear which are most relevant for detection of atmospheric PBAP. The present study provides a systematic synthesis of literature data on potentially relevant biological fluorophores. We analyze and discuss their relative importance for the detection of fluorescent biological aerosol particles (FBAP) by online instrumentation for atmospheric measurements such as the ultraviolet aerodynamic particle sizer (UV-APS) or the wide issue bioaerosol sensor (WIBS). In addition, we provide new laboratory measurement data for selected compounds using bench-top fluorescence spectroscopy. Relevant biological materials were chosen for comparison with existing literature data and to fill in gaps of understanding. The excitation-emission matrices (EEM) exhibit pronounced peaks at excitation wavelengths of ~280 nm and ~360 nm, confirming the suitability of light sources used for online detection of FBAP. They also show, however, that valuable information is missed by instruments that do not record full emission spectra at multiple wavelengths of excitation, and co-occurrence of multiple fluorophores within a detected sample will likely confound detailed molecular analysis. Selected non-biological materials were also analyzed to assess their possible influence on FBAP detection and generally exhibit only low levels of background-corrected fluorescent emission. This study strengthens the hypothesis that ambient supermicron particle fluorescence in wavelength ranges used for most FBAP instruments is likely to be dominated by biological material and that such instrumentation is able to discriminate between FBAP and non-biological material in many situations. More detailed follow-up studies on single particle fluorescence are still required to reduce these uncertainties further, however.

/pdf/autofluorescence-of-atmospheric-bioaerosols-fluorescent-15ndsaotpy.pdf

Autofluorescence of atmospheric bioaerosols – fluorescent biomolecules and potential interferences

Detection of bioaerosols, or primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs), has become increasingly important for a wide variety of research communities and scientific questions. In particular, real...

Real-time sensing of bioaerosols: Review and current perspectives

Modern infrared satellite sensors such as the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), the Cross-Track Infrared Sounder (CrIS), the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), the Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS), and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) are capable of providing high spatial and spectral resolution infrared spectra To fully exploit the vast amount of spectral information from these instruments, superfast radiative transfer models are needed We present a novel radiative transfer model based on principal component analysis Instead of predicting channel radiance or transmittance spectra directly, the principal component-based radiative transfer model (PCRTM) predicts the principal component (PC) scores of these quantities This prediction ability leads to significant savings in computational time The parameterization of the PCRTM model is derived from the properties of PC scores and instrument line-shape functions The PCRTM is accurate and flexible Because of its high speed and compressed spectral information format, it has great potential for superfast one-dimensional physical retrieval and for numerical weather prediction large volume radiance data assimilation applications The model has been successfully developed for the NAST-I and AIRS instruments The PCRTM model performs monochromatic radiative transfer calculations and is able to include multiple scattering calculations to account for clouds and aerosols

Principal component-based radiative transfer model for hyperspectral sensors : theoretical concept

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder/Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit/Humidity Sounder for Brazil (AIRS/AMSU/HSB) instrument suite onboard Aqua observes infrared and microwave radiances twice daily over most of the planet. AIRS offers unprecedented radiometric accuracy and signal to noise throughout the thermal infrared. Observations from the combined suite of AIRS, AMSU, and HSB are processed into retrievals of atmospheric parameters such as temperature, water vapor, and trace gases under all but the cloudiest conditions. A more limited retrieval set based on the microwave radiances is obtained under heavy cloud cover. Before measurements and retrievals from AIRS/AMSU/HSB instruments can be fully utilized they must be compared with the best possible in situ and other ancillary "truth" observations. Validation is the process of estimating the measurement and retrieval uncertainties through comparison with a set of correlative data of known uncertainties. The ultimate goal of the validation effort is retrieved product uncertainties constrained to those of radiosondes: tropospheric rms uncertainties of 1.0 degC over a 1-km layer for temperature, and 10% over 2-km layers for water vapor. This paper describes the data sources and approaches to be used for validation of the AIRS/AMSU/HSB instrument suite, including validation of the forward models necessary for calculating observed radiances, validation of the observed radiances themselves, and validation of products retrieved from the observed radiances. Constraint of the AIRS product uncertainties to within the claimed specification of 1 K/1 km over well-instrumented regions is feasible within 12 months of launch, but global validation of all AIRS/AMSU/HSB products may require considerably more time due to the novelty and complexity of this dataset and the sparsity of some types of correlative observations.

AIRS/AMSU/HSB validation

An airborne fourier transform interferometric sounder is being developed to perform atmospheric measurements for the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System. The interferometer is designed to provide high spectral resolution, low noise data from the NASA ER-2 aircraft suitable for synthesizing and comparing data of potential future satellite-borne sounding instruments, such as AIRS, IMAS, ITS or IASI. The collection and scanning optics provide a 7.5 degree field of view over a cross-track field of regard of +/- 48.2 degrees. The interferometer operates with +/- 2.0 cm optical path difference (OPD) over the spectral range from 3.6-16.1 micrometers . Dynamic alignment is performed using a concentric HeNe laser. Three separate filter/lens/detector assemblies are cooled to 65K using integral rotary stirling coolers. Most of the optical instrumentation is contained within a pressurized N2 enclosure to minimize the effects of descent condensation. The instrument processor/controller is based on a 133 MHz Pentium CPU supporting a dedicated digital signal processor for real-time x16 data decimation. Noise performance referred to a 250 K scene is estimated to be 0.10 K at 14.9 micrometers , 0.15 K at 8.7 micrometers and 0.2 K at 4.7 micrometers .

National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Airborne Sounder Testbed-Interferometer (NAST-I)

A new high spectral resolution (0.25 cm-1) and high spatial resolution (2.6 km) scanning (46 km swath width) Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) has been built for flight on NASA high altitude (approximately 20 km) aircraft. The instrument, called the NPOESS Aircraft Sounding Testbed- Interferometer (NAST-I), has been flown during several field campaigns to provide experimental observations needed to finalize specifications and to test proposed designs for future satellite instruments; specifically, the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) to fly on the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS). NAST-I provides new and exciting observations of mesoscale structure of the atmosphere, including the fine scale thermodynamic characteristics of hurricanes. The NAST-I instrument is described, its excellent spectral and radiometric performance is demonstrated, and surface and atmospheric remote sensing results obtained during airborne measurement campaigns are presented.

NAST-I : Results from revolutionary Aircraft Sounding Spectrometer

This paper reports on an investigation into optimal excitation and emission wavelengths for bioaerosol detection. Excitation/Emission Matrix (EEM) fluorescence data were gathered for a variety of materials, including biowarfare (BW) simulants, cell constituents, growth media and known interferents. These data were used to investigate multi- wavelength discrimination algorithms using pattern classification techniques. The results suggest that using two excitation wavelengths and narrower emission bands can improve discrimination between BW agents and interferents. Ultraviolet laser-induced-fluorescence (LIF) is a technique for discriminating between biological and non-biological aerosols based on detecting certain amino acids and enzymes present in living organisms. However, LIF-based biosensors suffer from high false alarm rates in some environments. The problem of false alarms in these sensors is due to the presence of interferents that mimic the fluorescence signatures of biological materials. Known interferents include diesel exhaust, cleaning solutions, clothing fibers, skin cells, and a variety of other substances. Previous studies carried out at Lincoln Laboratory have suggested that the use of multiple excitation wavelengths could improve discrimination between bioagents and interferents. We have been investigating optimal excitation and emission wavelengths for bio-aerosol detection in support of the DARPA-sponsored Semiconductor Ultraviolet Optical Sources (SUVOS) program. One area of investigation was to gather Excitation/Emission Matrix (EEM) data for a variety of materials including BW agent simulants, cell constituents growth media and known interferents. The other area was to develop multi-wavelength discrimination algorithms using these data. This paper reports on recent research results in these areas. The LIF principle as applied to bioaerosols is illustrated in Figure 1 for an anthrax spore. Spore constituents such as amino acids (Tryptophan, Tyrosine, and Phenylalanine) and coenzymes (NADH and flavins) fluoresce when excited at characteristic wavelengths. These excitation and emission wavelengths are illustrated in Figure 2, with the size of the typeface approximately indicating fluorescence intensity. This type of diagram is known as an Excitation/Emission Matrix (EEM). At first sight, it would seem to be simple to detect bioaerosols by simply exciting and sensing at the appropriate wavelengths. However, two problems occur. The first is that real bioaerosols do not fluoresce at exactly the wavelengths expected based on measurements of pure constituents. This is illustrated in Figure 3 which shows that the actual EEM signatures of various bioagent simulants differ somewhat from the signatures of pure constituents, which are indicated by the superimposed red boxes. The second problem is that interferents can occur in the environments that mimic the constituent signatures. Figure 4 illustrates this phenomenon for some common interferents such as diesel exhaust, detergent (which contains dye that causes fluorescence in clothing fibers), household dust and pollen. In particular, diesel exhaust has an EEM signature that mimics Tryptophan, and it has been observed that diesel exhaust indeed is associated with false alarms in LIF-based sensors.

Wavelength Comparison Study for Bioaerosol Detection

/pdf/protecting-buildings-against-airborne-contamination-ggpkhwjcwa.pdf

Protecting Buildings against Airborne Contamination

This paper describes work in modeling the performance of multiwavelength bioaerosol sensors. In particular, results are presented on modeling the performance of the Biological Agent Sensor Testbed (BAST), which employs LED UV sources at 280 and 340 nm. A previously developed catalog of Excitation/Emission Matrix (EEM) data for bioagents and interferents is used to determine fluorescence scattering for a specified particle mixture. These particle mixtures were applied to the model in order to assess discrimination performance. An initial comparison of simulated and measured BAST data is presented. This work was sponsored by DARPA under the Semiconductor Ultraviolet Optical Sources (SUVOS) program.

Multiwavelength bioaerosol sensor performance modeling

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