In this review the basic principles of carbon dioxide sensors and their manifold applications in environmental control, biotechnology, biology, medicine and food industry are reported. Electrochemical CO2 sensors based on the Severinghaus principle and solid electrolyte sensors operating at high temperatures have been manufactured and widely applied already for a long time. Besides these, nowadays infrared, non-dispersive infrared and acoustic CO2 sensors, which use physical measuring methods, are being increasingly used in some fields of application. The advantages and drawbacks of the different sensor technologies are outlined. Electrochemical sensors for the CO2 measurement in aqueous media are pointed out in more detail because of their simple setup and the resulting low costs. A detailed knowledge of the basic detection principles and the windows for their applications is necessary to find an appropriate decision on the technology to be applied for measuring dissolved CO2. In particular the pH value and the composition of the analyte matrix exert important influence on the results of the measurements.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/22/7/072001/pdf

The measurement of dissolved and gaseous carbon dioxide concentration

Whitening of Brown-Shelled Eggs: Mineral Composition of Uterine Fluid and Rate of Protoporphyrin Deposition

Objectives:To evaluate knowledge translation after publication of the target temperature management 33°C versus 36°C after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest trial and associated patient outcomes. Our primary hypothesis was that target temperature management at 36°C was rapidly adopted in Australian and

Changes in Temperature Management of Cardiac Arrest Patients Following Publication of the Target Temperature Management Trial

Regional cerebral blood flow, blood volume, fractional oxygen extraction and oxygen consumption were measured by positron emission tomography in six patients with sickle cell disease to see how oxygen delivery to the brain is maintained in the presence of both anemia and a low oxygen affinity hemoglobin. Both regional cerebral blood flow and blood volume were found to be markedly increased compared to values obtained from 14 normal subjects in the same age range. The mean fractional oxygen extraction was not significantly different in the two groups. Mean oxygen consumption in the two groups was also not significantly different but low values in individual patients with sickle cell disease and the presence of atrophy on the CT-scans of three of them were suggestive of some neuronal loss in patients without any history of nervous system involvement. In view of the known high values of cerebral blood flow and metabolism in childhood, it is suggested that when compounded by anemia and abnormal red cells, a hypercirculatory state may make patients in this age-group particularly prone to ischemic infarction.

Measurement of regional cerebral blood flow, blood volume and oxygen metabolism in patients with sickle cell disease using positron emission tomography.

Objective: To determine the effect of the presence of a patent foramen ovale on the right-to-left shunt in patients with respiratory failure who receive positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). Des...

Positive End-Expiratory Pressure Increases the Right-to-Left Shunt in Mechanically Ventilated Patients with Patent Foramen Ovale

Measurement of blood pH, p o2 and p co2 also involves calculation of two or more derived quantities and correction of the measured values in cases where the body temperature of the patient differs from the temperature of measurement. References to the pertinent calculations and the temperature corrections are scattered through the literature of several medical specialties, and much new information has been gathered in recent years that directly affects these calculations. This review explains each of the derived quantities and correction factors most used in this field and also provides the best available data for the calculations, in a form that can readily be adapted to electronic data processing.

Calculations and Correction Factors Used in Determination of Blood pH and Blood Gases

We describe a procedure for the simultaneous quality control of pH, p co2,and p o2 measurement. A solution of NaCl (150 mmol/liter) and NaHCO3 (50 mmol/liter) is equilibrated at room temperature (24 ± 2 °C) with a gas having the composition 21% O2, 12% CO2, 67% N2. When this solution is analyzed at 37 °C in a conventional blood-gas analyzer, a pH of 7.20, a p co2 of 110 mmHg (14.6 kPa) and a p o2 of 170 mmHg (22.6 kPa) are obtained. We show that data from such an analysis, performed daily, can be simply used to meet many of the unique demands of quality control in blood pH and gas determinations. This same approach may also become the basis for devising an ideal aqueous system for blood gas calibration.

Quality-Control System for Blood pH and Gas Measurements, with Use of a Tonometered Bicarbonate—Chloride Solution and Duplicate Samples of Whole Blood

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Calculations and Correction Factors Used in Determination of Blood pH and Blood Gases

Quality-Control System for Blood pH and Gas Measurements, with Use of a Tonometered Bicarbonate—Chloride Solution and Duplicate Samples of Whole Blood