In this work, commercial 18650 lithium-ion cells with LiMn2O4, LiFePO4, and Li(Ni0.33Mn0.33Co0.33)O2 cathodes were exposed to external heating in an accelerating rate calorimeter (es-ARC, Thermal Hazard Technology (THT), Bletchley, UK), to investigate the thermal behavior under abuse conditions. New procedures for measuring the external and internal pressure change of cells were developed. The external pressure was measured utilizing a gas-tight cylinder inside the calorimeter chamber, in order to detect the venting of the cells. For internal pressure measurements, a pressure line connected to a pressure transducer was directly inserted into the cell. During the thermal runaway experiments, three stages (low rate, medium rate, and high rate reactions) were observed. Both the pressure and temperature change indicated different stages of exothermic reactions, which produced gases or/and heat. The onset temperature of the thermal runaway was estimated according to the temperature and pressure changes. Moreover, the different activation energies for the exothermic reactions could be derived from Arrhenius plots.

Experimental Analysis of Thermal Runaway in 18650 Cylindrical Li-Ion Cells Using an Accelerating Rate Calorimeter

Thermal runaway (TR) failures of large-format lithium-ion battery systems related to fires and explosions have become a growing concern. Here, we design a smart ceramic-hydrogel nanocomposite that provides integrated thermal management, cooling, and fire insulation functionalities and enables full-lifecycle security. The glass-ceramic nanobelt sponges exhibit high mechanical flexibility with 80% reversible compressibility and high fatigue resistance, which can firmly couple with the polymer-nanoparticle hydrogels and form thermal-switchable nanocomposites. In the operating mode, the high enthalpy of the nanocomposites enables efficient thermal management, thereby preventing local temperature spikes and overheating under extremely fast charging conditions. In the case of mechanical or thermal abuse, the stored water can be immediately released, leaving behind a highly flexible ceramic matrix with low thermal conductivity (42 mW m-1 K-1 at 200 °C) and high-temperature resistance (up to 1300 °C), thus effectively cooling the TR battery and alleviating the devastating TR propagation. The versatility, self-adaptivity, environmental friendliness, and manufacturing scalability make this material highly attractive for practical safety assurance applications.

Thermal-Switchable, Trifunctional Ceramic-Hydrogel Nanocomposites Enable Full-Lifecycle Security in Practical Battery Systems.

http://manuscript.elsevier.com/S209549562200208X/pdf/S209549562200208X.pdf

Explosion behavior investigation and safety assessment of large-format lithium-ion pouch cells

Preventing thermal runaway propagation is crucial to ensure the safety of lithium-ion battery system, especially in low-pressure air-transport and the near-vacuum space environment. This work investigates the linear thermal-runaway propagation in LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 18,650 cylindrical battery layers under ambient pressure from 0 atm to 1 atm. Results indicate that the 1-D layer-to-layer thermal runaway propagation rate decreases with decreasing SOC and ambient pressure. As the SOC decreases from 100 % to 30 %, the thermal runaway propagation rate decreases from 1.73 [layer/min] to 0.30 [layer/min] at 1 atm. For 30 % SOC cells, the thermal runaway propagation rate decreases by about 23 % as the ambient pressure decreases from 1 atm to 0.2 atm and eventually drops to zero at 0 atm. The X-ray computed tomography imaging reveals that low pressure can weaken both external flaming combustion and internal thermal runaway reactions during the venting stage. As the ambient pressure decreases, such dual effect increases the thermal runaway temperature from 200 to 310 °C, reduces the maximum surface temperature from 800 °C to 400 °C, and lowers the burning mass loss fraction from 32 % to 10 %. Finally, a simplified heat transfer model is proposed to explain the effects of SOC and ambient pressure on thermal runaway propagation. These findings provide a new way to mitigate the thermal runaway propagation and help to assess the safety of battery piles in storage and transport. • Explore linear layer-to-layer thermal-runaway propagation in LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 18,650 battery. • Open-circuit cylindrical battery fire spreads under ambient pressure from 0.1 kPa to 100 kPa. • X-ray CT imaging reveals the pressure on external flame and internal thermal runaway reactions. • Find the influence of battery arrangement and initial heating intensity by review the literature data. 

Layer-to-layer thermal runaway propagation of open-circuit cylindrical li-ion batteries: Effect of ambient pressure

Due to the constant increase in energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), safety concerns in case of a thermal runaway event become more critical. Thermal runaway propagation (TP) can destroy an entire LIB pack, rapidly releasing energy and material through heat and fire. A solution for TP that minimally affects the LIB pack remains one of the main unsolved safety-related issues in battery systems. This paper presents an eco-friendly thermal barrier made of a high water-content hydrogel derived from natural polymers reinforced by a flame-retardant fiber material. The 2-mm-thick barrier, when placed between 50 Ah LIB cells, was able to prevent thermal propagation in 2-cell modules. Once the barrier temperature reaches around 100 °C, it can absorb a large amount of energy due to water vaporization. Afterward, the remaining low thermally conductive fiber material provides thermal insulation between cells. In addition, the mechanical properties of the barrier, such as compressive strength and flexibility, make it a suitable material to be placed between LIB cells. Furthermore, its ease of manufacturing and biodegradability enable the barrier to provide higher safety for LIB packs while maintaining the cost and environmental impact to a minimum. 

Naturally-derived thermal barrier based on fiber-reinforced hydrogel for the prevention of thermal runaway propagation in high-energetic lithium-ion battery packs

The battery industry is driven by the need for an increased energy and power density in lithium-ion cells. Therefore, safety aspects are becoming increasingly important. Unfortunately, failure due to quality defects on cell level can neither be reliably predicted nor inhibited by the battery management system (BMS) forcing system manufacturers to implement safety measures in hardware on module level. In this paper, we investigate a novel thermal barrier placed between the individual cells to prevent thermal propagation (TP) in lithium-ion battery packs. A single cell failure may cause different exothermic reactions leading to an uncontrolled release of heat that can trigger subsequent reactions causing a thermal runaway (TR). In this case, the thermal barrier is able to protect neighbouring cells from overheating. Different test setups are used to characterize the functionality of the thermal barrier. Further experiments evaluate the influence of the energy distribution along different heat paths, for example via cell connectors, lateral contact areas and the cooling plate. The results illustrate the successful avoidance of propagation and the influence of the barrier thickness on the temperature behaviour but also show that the size of the setup (multi-cell vs. two-cell) used for propagation testing significantly influences the temperature behaviour.

Preventing thermal propagation in battery packs using enthalpy supported thermal barriers

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Preventing thermal propagation in battery packs using enthalpy supported thermal barriers