BACKGROUND
Polyphenols are a class of naturally sourced compounds with widespread distribution and an extensive array of bioactivities. However, due to their complex constituents and weak absorption, a convincing explanation for their remarkable bioactivity remains elusive for a long time. In recent years, interaction with gut microbiota is hypothesized to be a reasonable explanation of the potential mechanisms for natural compounds especially polyphenols.


OBJECTIVES
This review aims to present a persuasive explanation for the contradiction between the limited bioavailability and the remarkable bioactivities of polyphenols by examining their interactions with gut microbiota.


METHODS
We assessed literatures published before April 10, 2023, from several databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The keywords used include "polyphenols", "gut microbiota", "short-chain fatty acids", "bile acids", "trimethylamine N-oxide", "lipopolysaccharides" "tryptophan", "dopamine", "intestinal barrier", "central nervous system", "lung", "anthocyanin", "proanthocyanidin", "baicalein", "caffeic acid", "curcumin", "epigallocatechin-3-gallate", "ferulic acid", "genistein", "kaempferol", "luteolin", "myricetin", "naringenin", "procyanidins", "protocatechuic acid", "pterostilbene", "quercetin", "resveratrol", etc. RESULTS: The review first demonstrates that polyphenols significantly alter gut microbiota diversity (α- and β-diversity) and the abundance of specific microorganisms. Polyphenols either promote or inhibit microorganisms, with various factors influencing their effects, such as dosage, treatment duration, and chemical structure of polyphenols. Furthermore, the review reveals that polyphenols regulate several gut microbiota metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids, dopamine, trimethylamine N-oxide, bile acids, and lipopolysaccharides. Polyphenols affect these metabolites by altering gut microbiota composition, modifying microbial enzyme activity, and other potential mechanisms. The changed microbial metabolites induced by polyphenols subsequently trigger host responses in various ways, such as acting as intestinal acid-base homeostasis regulators and activating on specific target receptors. Additionally, polyphenols are transformed into microbial derivatives by gut microbiota and these polyphenols' microbial derivatives have many potential advantages (e.g., increased bioactivity, improved absorption). Lastly, the review shows polyphenols maintain intestinal barrier, central nervous system, and lung function homeostasis by regulating gut microbiota.


CONCLUSION
The interaction between polyphenols and gut microbiota provides a credible explanation for the exceptional bioactivities of polyphenols. This review aids our understanding of the underlying mechanisms behind the bioactivity of polyphenols.

Interactions between gut microbiota and polyphenols: a mechanistic and metabolomic review

Light pollution is a potential risk factor for intestinal health. Tryptophan plays an important role in the inhibition of intestinal inflammation. However, the mechanism of tryptophan in alleviating intestinal inflammation caused by long photoperiod is still unclear. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of dietary tryptophan on intestinal inflammatory damage induced by long photoperiod and its potential mechanism in broiler chickens. We found that dietary tryptophan mitigated long photoperiod-induced intestinal tissue inflammatory damage and inhibited the activation of Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain, Leucine-Rich Repeat and Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 inflammasome. Moreover, dietary tryptophan significantly increased the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium, Enterococcus, and Lachnospiraceae_NC2004_group were significantly decreased the relative abundance of Ruminococcus_torques_group and norank_f_UCG-010 under the condition of long photoperiod (P < 0.05). The results of tryptophan targeted metabolomics show that tryptophan significantly increased indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3 lactic acid (ILA), and significantly decreased xanthurenic acid (XA) under long photoperiod (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the results indicated that dietary tryptophan alleviates intestinal inflammatory damage caused by long photoperiod via the inhibition of Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain, Leucine-Rich Repeat and Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 inflammasome activation, which was mediated by tryptophan metabolites. Therefore, tryptophan supplementation could be a promising way to protect the intestine health under the condition of long photoperiod.

Dietary tryptophan alleviates intestinal inflammation caused by long photoperiod via gut microbiota derived tryptophan metabolites-NLRP3 pathway in broiler chickens.

Single-cell genomics permits a new resolution in the examination of molecular and cellular dynamics, allowing global, parallel assessments of cell types and cellular behaviors through development and in response to environmental circumstances, such as interaction with water and the light-dark cycle of the Earth. Here, we leverage the smallest, and possibly most structurally reduced plant, the semi-aquatic Wolffia australiana to understand dynamics of cell expression in these contexts at the whole plant level. We examined single cell resolution RNA sequencing data, and found Wolffia cells divide into four principal clusters representing the above and below water-situated parenchyma and epidermis. While these tissues share transcriptomic similarity with model plants, they display distinct adaptations that Wolffia has made for the aquatic environment. Within this broad classification, discrete subspecializations are evident with select cells showing unique transcriptomic signatures associated with developmental maturation and specialized physiologies. Assessing this simplified biological system temporally at two key time-of-day (TOD) transitions, we identify additional TOD-responsive genes previously overlooked in whole plant transcriptomic approaches and demonstrate that the core circadian clock machinery and its downstream responses can vary in cell-specific manners, even in this simplified system. Distinctions between cell types and their responses to submergence and/or TOD are driven by expression changes of unexpectedly few genes, characterizing Wolffia as a highly streamlined organism with the majority of genes dedicated to fundamental cellular processes. Wolffia provides a unique opportunity to apply reductionist biology to elucidate signaling functions at the organismal level, for which this work provides a powerful resource. 

Streamlined spatial and environmental expression signatures characterize the minimalist duckweedWolffia australiana

The obesity epidemic, especially in pregnant women, linked to a higher risk of liver diseases. Bile acids (BAs) are known to participate in liver metabolism, but this function during obesogenic reproductive process remains largely uncertain. The study aims to identify whether a high-fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy negatively disturbs liver metabolism and the potential role of BAs and gut microbiota (GM)in a sow model. Reproductive (RP) or non-reproductive (NRP) sows were fed a 15 % HFD containing compound oil. Body condition, blood parameters, and BAs levels/profile during gestation and lactation were monitored. The tissues and colonic GM were collected after euthanasia at the end of lactation. HepG2 hepatocytes were used to test the effects of BAs on liver damage and the mechanism. Reproductive sows fed an HFD (HF-RP) experienced increased weight loss, and elevated plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) during lactation, consistent with exacerbated lipolysis, aggravating the risk of liver damage. HF-RP sows exhibited an enlarged BAs pool size and alterations in composition (higher levels of CDCA and LCA species) along with a drastic change in the GM (increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and declined Lactobacillus abundance). Furthermore, the liver FXR-SHP pathway, BAs synthesis and transport underwent adaptive regulation to sustain the BAs homeostasis and hepatic lipid metabolism. CDCA alleviated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by palmitic acid via FXR pathway, in HepG2 cells. Lactation BAs metabolism signal in gut-liver axis coordinated the risk of liver damage induced by exacerbated lipolysis in obesogenic pregnancy. 

Bile acids metabolism in the gut-liver axis mediates liver injury during lactation.

Chinese sour bamboo shoot is a traditionally, spontaneous fermented food that is particularly popular due to its complex and distinctive flavor. The volatile compounds of sour bamboo shoot originate mainly from the raw materials and the microbial fermentation. To reveal the correlation between microorganisms and flavor, third-generation sequencing and Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry were applied to analyze the dynamics of microbial communities at the species level and volatile compounds during sour bamboo shoot fermentation. The abundance of Lactobacillus acetotolerans and Lactobacillus fermentum increased during the fermentation, while Lactobacillus amyloliquefaciens decreased at first but then began to rise. At the end of fermentation, Lactobacillus amyloliquefaciens and Lactobacillus acetotolerans became the predominant species. A total of sixty-seven volatile compounds, which included twenty-three esters, nineteen alcohols, eight ketones, six aldehydes, six aromatic hydrocarbons, four acids and one ether, were identified. These compounds constituted the primary flavor of sour bamboo, which created a complex flavor of sour bamboo shoot. Among them, the contents of acetic acid, propionic acid, and isoamyl alcohol gradually increased during the fermentation process, and they became the main volatile compounds. Furthermore, the correlation between microorganisms and volatile compounds was investigated through two-way Orthogonal Partial Least Squares (O2PLS), which revealed a positive correlation between Lactobacillus amylolyticus and ethyl propanoate. Additionally, the abundance of Lactobacillus acetotolerans and Lactobacillus fermentum was found to be positively correlated with 2-heptenal. These findings provide a theoretical basis for understanding the formation mechanism of sour bamboo shoot flavor and the standardized production of high-quality sour bamboo shoots. 

Correlation between Microorganisms and Volatile Compounds during Spontaneous Fermentation of Sour Bamboo Shoots

Introduction: Aconite is a form of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that has been widely used to treat diarrhea for thousands of years. However, it is not clear whether the anti-diarrhea role of aconite aqueous extract (AA) is associated with regulation of the gut microbiota or with bile acid (BA) metabolism. This study aimed to confirm whether AA exerts its anti-diarrhea effects by regulating the gut microbiota and BA metabolism. Methods: The therapeutic effect of AA in a mouse model of diarrhea was measured based on analysis of body weight, fecal water content, diarrhea scores, intestinal propulsion rate, colonic pathology, and colonic immunohistochemistry. In addition, 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was conducted to analyze the effect of AA on the gut microbiota, and targeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the effect of AA on metabolism of BAs. Results: The results showed that treatment with AA reduced fecal water content and diarrhea scores, inhibited intestinal propulsion rate and pathological changes in the colon, and increased AQP3 and AQP4 content in the colon. In addition, AA was found to be capable of regulating the gut microbiota. Effects included increasing its richness (according to the ACE and Chao1 indices); altering the gut microbiota community structure (PCA, PCoA, and NMDS); increasing the relative abundance of norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, and norank_f_norank_o_Clostridia_UCG-014; and decreasing the relative abundance of Escherichia-Shigella, unclassified_f_Ruminococcaceae, Ruminococcus_torques_group, and Parasutterella. More importantly, AA significantly increased fecal TCA (a primary BA) and DCA, LCA, GDCA, dehydro-LCA, and 12-keto-LCA (secondary BAs), thus restoring BA homeostasis. Moreover, AA increased the ratios of DCA/CA, DCA/TCA, and LCA/CDCA and decreased the ratios of TLCA/LCA, GLCA/LCA, and TUDCA/UDCA. Conclusion: The anti-diarrhea effect of AA was associated with restoration of the gut microbiota and BA metabolism-related homeostasis. The results of this study provide insights into the application of AA and the treatment of diarrhea.

/pdf/ameliorative-effect-of-aconite-aqueous-extract-on-diarrhea-2qday683.pdf

Ameliorative effect of Aconite aqueous extract on diarrhea is associated with modulation of the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism

A plant can be thought of as a colony comprising numerous growth buds, each developing to its own rhythm. Such lack of synchrony impedes efforts to describe core principles of plant morphogenesis, dissect the underlying mechanisms, and identify regulators. Here, we use the tiniest known angiosperm to overcome this challenge and provide an ideal model system for plant morphogenesis. We present a detailed morphological description of the monocot Wolffia australiana, as well as high-quality genome information. Further, we developed the Plant-on-Chip culture system and demonstrate the application of advanced technologies such as snRNA-seq, protein structure prediction, and gene editing. We provide proof-of-concept examples that illustrate how W. australiana can open a new horizon for deciphering the core regulatory mechanisms of plant morphogenesis. Significance What is the core morphogenetic process in angiosperms, a plant like a tree indeterminately growing, or a bud sequentially generating limited types of organs? Wolffia australiana, one of the smallest angiosperms in the world may help to make a distinction. Wolffia plantlet constitutes of only three organs that are indispensable to complete life cycle: one leaf, one stamen and one gynoecium. Before the growth tip is induced to flower, it keeps branching from the leaf axil and the branches separate from the main plantlet. Here we present a high-quality genome of W. australiana, detailed morphological description, a Plant-on-Chip cultural system, and some principle-proof experiments, demonstrating that W. australiana is a promising model system for deciphering core developmental program in angiosperms.

/pdf/plant-on-chip-core-morphogenesis-processes-in-the-tiny-plant-2cdt7x4k.pdf

Plant-on-chip: Core morphogenesis processes in the tiny plant Wolffia australiana

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of {limit} columns in the table. Remove at least 1 column to add or create another one.

Dandan Zhang

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Ameliorative effect of Aconite aqueous extract on diarrhea is associated with modulation of the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism

Plant-on-chip: Core morphogenesis processes in the tiny plant Wolffia australiana