Plant height (PH) is associated with lodging resistance and planting density, which is regulated by a complicated gene network. In this study, we identified a spontaneous dwarfing mutation in maize, m30, with decreased internode number and length but increased internode diameter. A candidate gene, ZmCYP90D1, which encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 family, was isolated by map-based cloning. ZmCYP90D1 was constitutively expressed and showed highest expression in basal internodes, and its protein was targeted to the nucleus. A G-to-A substitution was identified to be the causal mutation, which resulted in a truncated protein in m30. Loss of function of ZmCYP90D1 changed expression of hormone-responsive genes, in particular brassinosteroid (BR)-responsive genes which is mainly involved in cell cycle regulation and cell wall extension and modification in plants. The concentration of typhasterol (TY), a downstream intermediate of ZmCYP90D1 in the BR pathway, was reduced. A haplotype conferring dwarfing without reducing yield was identified. ZmCYP90D1 was inferred to influence plant height and stalk diameter via hormone-mediated cell division and cell growth via the BR pathway. 

ZmCYP90D1 regulates maize internode development by modulating brassinosteroid-mediated cell division and growth

Dwarf plant architecture facilitates dense planting, and increased planting densities boost the maize yield. However, breeding applications of dwarfing materials for maize are currently limited. There is an urgent need remove the obstacles to applying dwarf resources. Here, we innovated a new method to add a novel maize dwarf germplasm through the distant hybridization of Maize-Tripsacum-Teosinte allopolyploid (MTP) with maize. We identified ten independent dwarf families with unique characteristics. Five germplasms in our library were controlled by their respective dwarf genes. However, no allele was controlled by Br2. Subsequently, d024 in the library was successfully fine mapped, revealing its linkage to indel-4 in ZmCYP90D1. The indel-4 polymorphism regulates the expression of ZmCYP90D1 and is controlled by an upstream transcription factor (ZmBES1/BZR1-5). The indel-4 of ZmCYP90D1 allele, which reduces plant height, originated from Tripsacum, a wild variety of maize. However, d024 exhibits sensitivity to brassinosteroids (BRs), with lower castasterone levels in the internodes than that in the wild type. Furthermore, ZmCYP90D1 interacted with ZmFDXs and ZmNAD(P)H to positively regulate the downstream BR synthesis pathway. Additionally, we showed that introgressing the indel-4 of the Tripsacum allele into modern hybrids ensures yield potential and improves the harvest index under high-density conditions. Overall, as we begin to manufacture highly engineered dwarf materials using the MTP, this approach will solve the problems faced by corn dwarfs. 

Maize‐Tripsacum‐Teosinte allopolyploid (<scp>MTP</scp>), a novel dwarf mutant inducer tool in maize

Multiomics reveals the impact of microplastics and di-n-octyl phthalate on hormone biosynthesis in cucumber

Gibberellin (GA) functions in plant growth and development. However, genes involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of GA in crop plants are poorly understood. We isolated the mutant gad5-1 (GA-Associated Dwarf 5), characterized by dwarfing, short internodes, and dark green and short leaves. Map-based gene cloning and allelic verification confirmed that ZmGAD5 encodes ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase (KAO), which catalyzes KA (ent-kaurenoic acid) to GA12 conversion during GA biosynthesis in maize. ZmGAD5 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and is present in multiple maize organs. In gad5-1, the expression of ZmGAD5 is severely reduced, and the levels of the direct substrate of KAO, KA, is increased, leading to a reduction in GA content. The abnormal phenotype of gad5-1 was restored by exogenous application of GA3. The biomass, plant height, and levels of GA12 and GA3 in transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing ZmGAD5 were increased in comparison with the corresponding controls Col-0. These findings deepen our understanding of genes involved in GA biosynthesis, and could lead to the development of maize lines with improved architecture and higher planting-density tolerance. 

GA Associated Dwarf 5 encodes an ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase required for maize gibberellin biosynthesis and morphogenesis

The<italic> SEPALLATA</italic> (<italic>SEP</italic>) gene, as a 'glue' for the 'floral quartets model', plays an important role in floral organ development by forming tetramers with class A-, B-, and C- genes. The functional differentiation of class E genes has been reported in different species. Carnation (<italic>Dianthus</italic> spp.) is a world-famous economic flower that has been extensively used in landscaping, but the roles of SEP genes in carnation are unclear. Here, we found that the class E genes of <italic>D.</italic> <italic>chinensis</italic> cultivar 'L' showed different expression patterns during floral organ primordium development by transcriptome analysis. Combined with quantitative real-time PCR, its tissue and specific stage expression patterns were also different in different subclades. In addition, a yeast two-hybrid experiment was carried out to explore the interaction patterns of class E genes with other class A-, B-, and C- genes. Only DcSEP3s and DcSEP4s proteins interacted with all three classes of A-, B-, and C- proteins, and interestingly, is that DcSEP3-1 only interacted with the DcAP1 protein of class A, while the DcSEP3-2 protein only interacted with DcFUL1. Transgenic experiments showed that overexpression of <italic>DcSEP3-2</italic> genes in <italic>Arabidopsis</italic> resulted in early flowering, smaller rosettes, dwarfism and abnormal floral organs. The transgenic line overexpressing of<italic> DcSEP3-1</italic> only showed an early flowering phenotype. All these results indicated that the two <italic>DcSEP3s</italic> of class E genes in <italic>D.</italic> <italic>chinensis</italic> may undergo sub-functionalization. These findings advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of flower development in carnation. 

Identification and characterization of class E genes involved in floral organ development in Dianthus chinensis

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Dandan Li

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

GA Associated Dwarf 5 encodes an ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase required for maize gibberellin biosynthesis and morphogenesis

Identification and characterization of class E genes involved in floral organ development in Dianthus chinensis