The magnetic properties of magnetic cores are essential for the design of electrical machines, and consequently appropriate mathematical modeling is needed. Usually, the design and analysis of electrical machines consider only the one-dimensional (1D) magnetic properties of core materials, i.e., the relationship of magnetic flux density (B) versus magnetic field strength (H), and their associated power loss under 1D magnetization, in which the B and H are constrained in the same orientation. Some studies have also been performed with the two-dimensional (2D) magnetizations in which the B and H are vectorial, rotating on a plane, and they may not be in the same direction. It has been discovered that the 2D rotational property is very different from its 1D alternating counterpart. However, the magnetic fields in an electrical machine, in particular claw pole and transverse flux machines, are naturally three-dimensional (3D), and the B and H vectors are rotational and may not lie on the same plane. It can be expected that the 3D vectorial property might be different from its 2D or 1D counterpart, and hence it should be investigated for the interests of both academic research and engineering application. This paper targets at a general summary about the magnetic material characterization with 3D vectorial magnetization, and their application prospect in electrical machine design and analysis.

/pdf/measurement-and-modeling-of-magnetic-materials-under-3d-3ibi22cz.pdf

Measurement and Modeling of Magnetic Materials under 3D Vectorial Magnetization for Electrical Machine Design and Analysis

Based on the minimum energy principle of magnetization stable state, this paper presents a definition of three-dimensional (3-D) hysteresis operator by analyzing the magnetization state of the magnetic particles. The direction determination rule of magnetization is given in detail. The critical surface equation of the hysteresis operator is described in the space sphere coordinate system according to the modeling principle of the hybrid vector hysteresis model. The magnetization process of the hysteresis operator is studied under the alternating and rotational magnetic field, respectively. Moreover, a 3-D isotropic hysteresis model is initiatively established, and the hysteresis properties of soft magnetic composite (SMC) material are simulated and compared with the experimental results. This study lays a foundation to build the 3-D hybrid vector hysteresis model and simulate the 3-D magnetic properties.

/pdf/three-dimensional-magnetic-hysteresis-modeling-based-on-4j260702ba.pdf

Three-Dimensional Magnetic Hysteresis Modeling Based on Vector Hysteresis Operator

In this paper, a simple magnetization model convenient for engineering applications is presented based on the expressions of the first-order LTI system model. Considering the trade-off between the nonlinearity of anhysteretic magnetization and the hysteresis width, the proposed model employs two different equations with different magnetic field amplitudes. Furthermore, the proposed model utilizes the first-order LTI system model with a low magnetic field amplitude and a simple nonlinear function, based on the amplitude–frequency function, with a high magnetic field amplitude. Two important characteristic parameters for engineering applications, namely, amplitude and the equivalent phase lag, were exacted and analyzed to validate the computation precision of the proposed model. Then, the model was verified through comparisons to the validated Jiles–Atherton model. For easy use, similar to a physics-based model instead of a fitting method, empirical expressions for the model parameters were given, and applicable ranges of these equations were determined using the parameters of the Jiles–Atherton model. Finally, an example of the magnetization model applied to an on/off type device was computed to further verify the effectiveness of the proposed model with quite a simple expression.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/21/7592/pdf?version=1667377204

An Easily Used Phenomenological Magnetization Model and Its Empirical Expressions Based on Jiles–Atherton Parameters

The cementite is often deposited on spheroidal graphite cast iron materials used in industrial machinery during manufacturing. Since the cementite is extremely hard and brittle, the cast iron may be damaged when the stress is impressed to the cast iron containing the cementite. Therefore, it is important to estimate the volume fraction of cementite contained in cast iron. However, at present, destructive inspection is generally performed to estimate the presence and volume fraction of cementite in the cast iron. In this research, an electromagnetic non-destructive inspection method to estimate whether the cementite is contained in spheroidal graphite cast iron is proposed. The surface of the cast iron is rough, so the distance (lift-off : Lo) between the electromagnetic sensor and the cast iron is changed slightly depending on the measurement position. By this method, lift-off (Lo) and the cementite content can be detected with an accuracy of less than about 10%.

Simultaneous estimation cementite content and non-contact distance in spheroidal graphite cast iron using electromagnetic sensor

In this paper, the Preisach model for magnetic hysteresis of grain-oriented silicon steel under PWM excitation is improved. First, an improved Preisach model for the magnetic hysteresis of grain-oriented silicon steel under PWM excitation is proposed. Second, the experimental platform for grain-oriented silicon steel sheets under PWM excitation is established. Finally, by comparative analysis, it is concluded that the error of the improved model is far less than that of the classical model (the error here refers to the discrepancy between experimental results and theoretical model predictions). The improved model is 1.4% to 9% more accurate than the classical model. A more accurate model can provide more accurate material parameters for the calculation of the magnetic field in the transformer core, which is of great significance to the production and design of the transformer. 

An Improved Preisach Model for Magnetic Hysteresis of Grain-Oriented Silicon Steel under PWM Excitation

This paper presents a method to study the vector magnetic properties of magnetic materials under alternating and rotational magnetic field using 2-D vector hybrid hysteresis model. Combining Preisach model and Stoner-Wohlfarth (S-W) model, the vector hybrid hysteresis model is established for magnetic materials. The alternating and rotational hysteresis properties are calculated under different excitation frequency, respectively. And the computed results are compared with the experimental measurement ones. It is shown that the vector model can simulate the alternating and rotational magnetic properties effectively under low magnetization fields and low excitation frequency.

/pdf/study-on-vector-magnetic-properties-of-magnetic-materials-4hhsnoy11y.pdf

Study on vector magnetic properties of magnetic materials using hybrid hysteresis model

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Three-Dimensional Magnetic Hysteresis Modeling Based on Vector Hysteresis Operator

Study on vector magnetic properties of magnetic materials using hybrid hysteresis model