Using analyses based on fitting item response models to data from the College Board's Advanced Placement exams in chemistry and United States history, we found that the constructed response portion of the tests yielded little information over and above that provided by the multiple-choice sections. These tests also allow examinees to select subsets of the constructed response items; we found that scoring on the basis of the selections themselves provided almost as much information as did scoring on the basis of the answers. One goal of the Advanced Placement (AP) testing program of the College Board is to determine the proficiency attained by high school students in college level courses. Such courses are offered at more than 40% of the 21,000 secondary schools in this country, including 80% of those having a junior class larger than 250 students. With few exceptions, AP exams are made up of one section consisting of multiple-choice (MC) items and a second section of constructed response

On the Relative Value of Multiple-Choice, Constructed Response, and Examinee-Selected Items on Two Achievement Tests. Program Statistics Research Technical Report No. 93-28.

While most definitions of forest therapy emphasize the role of multisensory, immersive experiences in nature to achieve human health and wellbeing outcomes, reviews of research on forest therapy to date have predominantly focused on outcomes and provide limited insight on the factors and conditions that give rise to nature experiences. In this scoping review we employ a conceptual framework developed in the context of landscape perception research to examine empirical studies of forest therapy in terms of how the fuller process of human, forest, interaction, and outcome components are conceptualized and measured. Our literature search identified 266 studies focused on forest therapy and related activities, which were coded on a number of variables related to each of the four components in our framework. While most studies reported positive mental and/or physiological health outcomes using a wide array of measures, the typical study used small, homogeneous samples of participants who engaged in limited interactions with a forest environment that was minimally described. However, our analysis also identified a wider range of findings with regard to human-forest interactions, which together provide important insights for guiding forest therapy research and the provision of forest therapy trails, settings, and programs.

/pdf/forest-therapy-trails-a-conceptual-framework-and-scoping-1cf55jap.pdf

Forest Therapy Trails: A Conceptual Framework and Scoping Review of Research

To provide an update on insights into the effectiveness of the green environment and forest on the mental health of city dwellers; and the role of mental health professionals in advocating green restorative therapies.The studies reviewed in this paper confirmed the mental health benefits on individuals who engaged in the green environment and forest. Results of studies showed that the participants reported significantly higher positive effects. However, it is difficult to compare studies because of marked differences in methodology and often lack of biological markers. With the recent global concern about climate warming, mental health professionals have a critical role to influence city planners on the importance of the green environment and the forest. In Singapore, the 'Therapeutic Garden' project and 'Therapeutic Rainforest' program are examples of mental health professionals working with government agencies for a 'city in nature'.The benefits of the green environment and forest are emphasized especially on the psychological well being. In the light of the danger of climate warming, this review highlights the need for city planners to collaborate with mental health professionals to incorporate high-quality green spaces when planning the city of the future. There is an urgent need for better consultation between health agencies and local city government to create an appealing and diverse green environment within the city. 

The impact of restorative green environment on mental health of big cities and the role of mental health professionals

Forest therapy is a form of activity used to pursue health benefits from the forest. The term “forest therapy” is often used reciprocally with the terms “forest bathing” and “Shinrin Yoku”. Even with many studies on forest therapy, there remains scarce scientific evidence of a standardised method used in Forest Therapy caused by variations in such treatment programmes. This study aimed to analyse methods used in forest therapy from works of literature from 2017 to 2021. This literature was compiled using Publish or Perish, sorted using the Zotero programme, and visually clustered with the VosViewer programme. 393 research papers were sorted manually based on three criteria: they directly practised forest therapy or forest bathing and analysed its benefit on human health, which was written in English, and accessed online. The 29 items that fit our criteria were further synthesised. Synthesis of these works of literature resulted in the categorisation of methods used for FT intervention. FT methods used by researchers were forest walks, forest viewing, the combination of forest walks and viewing forest landscapes, therapy programmes involving five human senses, doing relaxing activities in the forest and traditional medicine-based therapy. On the other hand, there was also combined methods used. All of these methods benefitted human health. The limitation of this finding is the broad types of forest used for forest therapy. Further research is suggested regarding this matter.

The role of forest therapy in promoting physical and mental health: a systematic review

Introduction: this short presentation looks into the nascent research area of Environmental and Sustainability Education (ESE) and argues that it needs a firm grounding in educational philosophy in ...

Reclaim “Education” in Environmental and Sustainability Education Research

This paper evaluates the impact of the forest environment on aggressive manifestations in adolescents. A remedial educative programme was performed with 68 teenagers from institutions with substitute social care with diagnoses F 30.0 (affective disorders) and F 91.0 (family-related behavioural disorders), aged 12–16 years. Adolescents observed patterns of prosocial behaviour in forest animals (wolves, wild boars, deer, bees, ants, squirrels and birds), based on the fact that processes and interactions in nature are analogous to proceedings and bonds in human society. The methodology is based on qualitative and quantitative research. Projective tests (Rorschach Test, Hand Test, Thematic Apperception Test) were used as a diagnostic tool for aggressive manifestations before and after forest therapies based on Shinrin-yoku, wilderness therapy, observational learning and forest pedagogy. Probands underwent 16 therapies lasting for two hours each. The experimental intervention has a statistically significant effect on the decreased final values relating to psychopathology, irritability, restlessness, emotional instability, egocentrism, relativity, and negativism. Forest animals demonstrated to these adolescents ways of communication, cooperation, adaptability, and care for others, i.e., characteristics without which no community can work.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/11/5725/pdf

Forest Manners Exchange: Forest as a Place to Remedy Risky Behaviour of Adolescents: Mixed Methods Approach.

Arne Naess considered nature the best source of knowledge and regarded the economists as morally responsible for the ecological crisis. Therefore, this research focused on students of economic fields at the university level. The experimental group (n = 236) led by a teacher-as-researcher completed a Business Economic course by forest workshops for one semester because the sustainability principles can be very well explained and observed on examples of forest fauna and flora and then applied in managerial practice. Many similarities were found between forest and business principles (optimal growth rate, teamwork, cooperation models, parasitism). This paper aimed to identify if students’ proficiency in applying sustainable mindset from a forest ecosystem to practice increased. The achievement test compared outcomes of the experimental and control group (n = 190) of students. Based on statistical testing, it can be stated that the experimental intervention led to better results compared to the control group. For issues in which no suitable parallel with the forest ecosystem was found and were therefore explained according to the textbook, group (E) did not perform better than group (C). The methodology is based on qualitative and quantitative research, a mixed-methods approach.

Nature Ideas Exchange: Education of Sustainable Business Principles Based on Parallels with Forest Ecosystem

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Forest Manners Exchange: Forest as a Place to Remedy Risky Behaviour of Adolescents: Mixed Methods Approach.

Nature Ideas Exchange: Education of Sustainable Business Principles Based on Parallels with Forest Ecosystem