Abstract Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) on insulator (LNOI) is a promising material platform for integrated photonics due to single crystal LiNbO3 film’s wide transparent window, high refractive index, and high second-order nonlinearity. Based on LNOI, the fast-developing ridge-waveguide fabrication techniques enabled various structures, devices, systems, and applications. We review the basic structures including waveguides, cavities, periodically poled LiNbO3, and couplers, along with their fabrication methods and optical properties. Treating those basic structures as building blocks, we review several integrated devices including electro-optic modulators, nonlinear optical devices, and optical frequency combs with each device’s operating mechanism, design principle and methodology, and performance metrics. Starting from these integrated devices, we review how integrated LNOI devices boost the performance of LiNbO3’s traditional applications in optical communications and data center, integrated microwave photonics, and quantum optics. Beyond those traditional applications, we also review integrated LNOI devices’ novel applications in metrology including ranging system and frequency comb spectroscopy. Finally, we envision integrated LNOI photonics’ potential in revolutionizing nonlinear and quantum optics, optical computing and signal processing, and devices in ultraviolet, visible, and mid-infrared regimes. Beyond this outlook, we discuss the challenges in integrated LNOI photonics and the potential solutions.

/pdf/integrated-lithium-niobate-photonics-10qr21htqn.pdf

Integrated lithium niobate photonics

Lithium niobate (LiNbO3 or LN) is a well-known multifunctional crystal that has been widely applied in various areas of photonics, electronics, and optoelectronics In the past decade, “ion-cut” has become the key technique to produce wafer-size, high-quality, sub micrometer-thickness crystalline LiNbO3 thin films, ie, lithium-niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) With the rapid development of LNOI technology and the tremendous progress of associated surface structuring and engineering techniques over the last few years, many novel chip-integrated LiNbO3-based devices and applications with reduced cost, complexity, power, and size, are demonstrated, boosting the resurgence of integrated photonics based on this material The remarkable achievements are largely facilitated by the most recent technological progress in photonic integration and performance optimization of LNOI on-chip devices, such as high-quality surface domain engineering, advanced heterogeneous integration technology, powerful dispersion engineering, fine polishing lithography, and wafer-scale fabrication Accordingly, batch-compatible chip-integrated platforms for more complex photonic integrated circuits, such as quantum optical circuits, are within reach This article provides a timely review of the key advances in LNOI technology and a reasonable perspective on the near-future directions for both integrated photonics and applied physics communities

Ion-cut lithium niobate on insulator technology: Recent advances and perspectives

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/adom.202100789

Lithium Niobate on Insulator: An Emerging Platform for Integrated Quantum Photonics

Photonics on thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) has emerged as one of the most pursued disciplines within integrated optics. Ultracompact and low-loss optical waveguides and related devices on this modern material platform have rejuvenated the traditional and commercial applications of lithium niobate for optical modulators based on the electro-optic effect, as well as optical wavelength converters based on second-order nonlinear effects, e.g., second-harmonic, sum-, and difference-frequency generations. TFLN has also created vast opportunities for applications and integrated solutions for optical parametric amplification and oscillation, cascaded nonlinear effects, such as low-harmonic generation; third-order nonlinear effects, such as supercontinuum generation; optical frequency comb generation and stabilization; and nonclassical nonlinear effects, such as spontaneous parametric downconversion for quantum optics. Recent progress in nonlinear integrated photonics on TFLN for all these applications, their current trends, and future opportunities and challenges are reviewed. 

/pdf/applications-of-thin-film-lithium-niobate-in-nonlinear-2nofqc2o.pdf

Applications of thin-film lithium niobate in nonlinear integrated photonics

Periodically poled lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) ridge waveguides are desirable for high-efficiency nonlinear frequency conversions, and the fabrication process of such waveguides is crucial for device performance. In this work, we report fabrication and characterization of locally periodically poled ridge waveguides. Ridge waveguides were fabricated by dry etching, and then the high-voltage pulses were applied to locally poled ridge waveguides. Second harmonic generation with normalized conversion efficiency of 435.5% W−1·cm−2 was obtained in the periodically poled LNOI ridge waveguide, which was consistent with the triangular domain structure revealed by confocal microscopy.

/pdf/locally-periodically-poled-lnoi-ridge-waveguide-for-second-2oxgwa1njy.pdf

Locally periodically poled LNOI ridge waveguide for second harmonic generation [Invited]

Quasi-phase matched sum-frequency generation (SFG) and electro-optic (EO) polarization coupling has been realized simultaneously in a periodically poled lithium niobate on insulator (PPLNOI) ridge waveguide. Therefore, utilizing the cascading process, the intensity of sum-frequency conversion can be modulated by applying a transverse electric field. The driving voltage is reduced by using the ridge waveguide structure, and also the frequency conversion efficiency is enhanced. This scheme is proposed to control nonlinear frequency conversion by electric field applying on the lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) platform. The integration and fast-speed modulation of the configuration may find applications in nonlinear optical processing and communication.

Cascaded sum-frequency generation and electro-optic polarization coupling in the PPLNOI ridge waveguide.

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Cascaded sum-frequency generation and electro-optic polarization coupling in the PPLNOI ridge waveguide.

Effect of Ferromagnetic Metal Stripe and Strained Barrier on Electron Transport Characteristics in a Graphene

Effect of 10 MeV Electron Beam Irradiation on the Structure and Functional Properties of Wheat Starch