Vibration sensing is critical to monitor and ultimately preserve the health state of engineering systems. These systems with a large structure are typically working in some harsh environments including strong magnetic fields. However, traditional electrical sensors are difficult to accurately measure the vibration under harsh environments. Besides these instinct advantages of normal fiber optic sensors (FOS) sensors such as compact size, passive sensing, resistance to electromagnetic interference, etc., fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors have a capability of distributed sensing based on wavelength demodulation and resistance to light intensity fluctuation and unwanted fiber bending losses. Such merits lead them to be a hot topic in FOS field and excellent candidates for vibration sensing. Three types of FBG-based vibration sensors have been classified based on the difference of vibration-strain coupling way to FBG in this survey, which are pasted FBG-based, axial property of FBG-based and transverse property of FBG-based, respectively. FBG-based vibration sensors' principles and designs have been introduced and discussed. Recent advances in the applications of FBG-based vibration sensors have been investigated. The limitations and prospects of the FBG-based vibration sensing technologies have been analyzed and discussed.

Recent Advances and Tendency in Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Vibration Sensor: A Review

In this work, a compact fiber-optic 3D shape sensor consisting of two serially connected 2° tilted fiber Bragg gratings (TFBGs) is proposed, where the orientations of the grating planes of the two TFBGs are orthogonal. The measurement of the reflective transmission spectrum from the pair of TFBGs was implemented by Fresnel reflection of the cleaved fiber end. The two groups of cladding mode resonances in the reflection spectrum respond differentially to bending, which allows for the unique determination of the magnitude and orientation of the bend plane (i.e. with a ± 180 degree uncertainty). Bending responses ranging from −0.33 to + 0.21 dB/m−1 (depending on orientation) are experimentally demonstrated with bending from 0 to 3.03 m−1. In the third (axial) direction, the strain is obtained directly by the shift of the TFBG Bragg wavelengths with a sensitivity of 1.06 pm/μe.

/pdf/compact-optical-fiber-3d-shape-sensor-based-on-a-pair-of-5eibk85gf0.pdf

Compact Optical Fiber 3D Shape Sensor Based on a Pair of Orthogonal Tilted Fiber Bragg Gratings

We have designed, fabricated, and characterized a fiber-optic three-dimensional vector accelerometer for vibration measurement The accelerometer is based on fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) inscribed with three cores of seven-core fiber by femtosecond laser with a phase mask Through monitoring the wavelength shifts of two of the seven cores, we obtain the vibration azimuthal angle and the acceleration in the XY plane by angle reconstruction and algorithmic calculation Similarly, by monitoring the wavelength shift of the core fixed along the Z-axis, we obtain the vibration acceleration in the Z-axis direction The full 3D vector information about the vibration signal is obtained by vector synthesis The accelerometer has achieved a working frequency bandwidth from 10 to 220 Hz with the maximum sensitivity of 355 pm/g, and the best azimuthal angle accuracy of 0269 $^\circ$ in the linear range of 0 $^\circ$ –100 $^\circ$ and 170 $^\circ$ –280 $^\circ$  Moreover, it is possible to increase the overall bandwidth, sensitivity and accuracy of the azimuth of sensors in the XY plane by adjusting the length of the optical fiber and adjusting mechanical parameters to increase the bandwidth and sensitivity of the sensor in Z-axis Such improvements will further enhance application to small-scale seismic surveys

Three-Dimensional Vector Accelerometer Using a Multicore Fiber Inscribed With Three FBGs

The purpose of this study is to present the state of the art for fiber Bragg grating (FBG) acceleration sensing technologies from two aspects: the principle of the measurement dimension and the principle of the sensing configuration. Some commercial sensors have also been introduced and future work in this field has also been discussed. This paper could provide an important reference for the research community.,This review is to present the state of the art for FBG acceleration sensing technologies from two aspects: the principle of the measurement dimension (one-dimension and multi-dimension) and the principle of the sensing configuration (beam type, radial vibration type, axial vibration type and other composite structures).,The current research on developing FBG acceleration sensors is mainly focused on the sensing method, the construction and design of the elastic structure and the design of a new information detection method. This paper hypothesizes that in the future, the following research trends will be strengthened: common single-mode fiber grating of the low cost and high utilization rate; high sensitivity and strength special fiber grating; multi-core fiber grating for measuring single-parameter multi-dimensional information or multi-parameter information; demodulating equipment of low cost, small volume and high sampling frequency.,The principle of the measurement dimension and principle of the sensing configuration for FBG acceleration sensors have been introduced, which could provide an important reference for the research community.

Fiber Bragg grating based acceleration sensors: a review

This paper proposed a fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based three-axis vibration sensor by using only five sensing elements. A composite structure of the cross-beam-type elastomer with multiplexed FBGs has been designed for three-axis vibration sensing. Because of the mechanical decoupling function of the structure and the reasonable arrangement of FBG sensing elements, the designed sensor possesses great advantages of low cross coupling and self temperature compensation capability. Theoretical model of the composite structure has been established, strain distribution and dynamic characteristics of the composite structure have been studied by the finite element analysis method. Amplitude-frequency test result shows that resonant frequencies of the sensor in X, Y, and Z directions were 980Hz, 960Hz, and 640Hz, respectively. Vibration sensitivities in X, Y, and Z directions were 9.7pm/g, 10.13pm/g, and 7.45pm/g, respectively. Vibration calibration test have validated that the designed sensor possess the capability to measure three-axis vibration.

Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Three-Axis Vibration Sensor

Semi-closed reverse osmosis (SCRO): A concise, flexible, and energy-efficient desalination process

A novel concept of using a fiber optic technology to create a 3-D seismometer/accelerometer was proposed. The initial planar prototype exhibits a good linearity in the static calibration and less noisy signal in low-frequency dynamic tests. In the near future, a 3-D prototype will be subjected to a large set of tests in an environmental chamber to find the sensors output correlation/immunity to different ambient conditions such as temperature and humidity.

Fibre optic based 3-D accelerometer design

Net-zero carbon emission target for mitigating climate change accelerates the exploitation of renewable energy, such as solar and wind, as power origin in utilities sector. However, the intermittency of renewable energy escalates the supply-demand mismatch in not only electricity sector but also water sector, as freshwater supply increasingly relies on unconventional, energy-intensive desalination that is increasingly powered by renewables. To enhance the energy-water resilience, we propose a desalination-osmotic energy storage (DOES) system, which alternates the operation of reverse osmosis (RO) for desalination and pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) for electricity generation, achieving multiple functions including freshwater production and storage, grid energy storage, and eventually bulk-scale management of freshwater and energy supply. Via innovative system design and operation integrating semi-closed (SC) and closed-circuit (CC) configurations in RO and PRO modes in the proposed DOES, energy loss arising from over-pressurization in RO and under-pressurization in PRO could be substantially reduced. As a result, DOES can achieve practical maximum energy efficiencies of >75 % for both RO desalination and PRO electricity generation, and a round-trip efficiency of >68 % when used as a grid-scale energy storage system (ESS). Apart from the quantitative analysis of energy performance, a qualitative comparison of various other performance metrics between DOES and other grid ESSs was also conducted. Given its various performance advantages as well as multi-functionality, the DOES system could be an important complement to, though not replacement of, existing grid-scale ESSs. 

A multifunctional desalination-osmotic energy storage (DOES) system for managing energy and water supply

A novel Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) pair based seismic sensor has been reported earlier. In order to investigate its static error due to the weight of mass and interactions between individual supporting fibers, static analysis for a one-dimensional and two-dimensional sensor have been conducted in this work. The rotation of seismic mass in respective planes (XY, XZ and YZ) has been simulated and static errors from ideal (linear) characteristic have been calculated. A statically indeterminate model was chosen to provide the theoretical model. A good agreement was achieved between experiments and the simulation.

Static analysis of 1-D and 2-D seismic sensor based on FBG-pair

Batch pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) with varied-pressure and multiple-cycle operation using a pressurized variable-volume tank has been proposed as a high-efficiency osmotic energy harvesting technology, but it suffers scalability constraints. In this study, a more scalable batch PRO, namely, atmospheric batch PRO (AB-PRO), was proposed, utilizing an atmospheric tank to receive and store the intermediate diluted draw solution (DS) and a pressure exchanger to recover the pressure energy from the diluted DS before being recycled into the tank. Its performance was further compared with single-stage PRO (SS-PRO) at different flow schemes via analytic models. The results show that the AB-PRO with an infinitesimal per-cycle water recovery (r) approaches the thermodynamic maximum energy production under ideal conditions, outperforming the SS-PRO with lower efficiencies caused by under-pressurization (UP). However, when considering inefficiencies, a ~40% efficiency reduction was observed in AB-PRO owing to UP and entropy generation as the optimal r is no-longer infinitesimal. Nonetheless, AB-PRO is still significantly superior to SS-PRO at low water recoveries (R) and maintains a stable energy efficiency at various R, which is conducive to meeting the fluctuating demand in practice by flexibly adjusting R. Further mitigating pressure losses and deficiencies of energy recovery devices can significantly improve AB-PRO performance.

/pdf/comparison-of-energy-efficiency-between-atmospheric-batch-16oc3llk.pdf

Comparison of Energy Efficiency between Atmospheric Batch Pressure-Retarded Osmosis and Single-Stage Pressure-Retarded Osmosis

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