Tracking the movement of insects in their natural habitat is essential for understanding their basic biology, demography, and ethology. A wide variety of markers have been used to assess insect population dynamics, dispersal, territoriality, feeding behavior, trophic-level interactions, and other ecological interactions. The ideal marker should persist without inhibiting the insect's "normal" biology. Furthermore, the marker should be environmentally safe, cost-effective, and easy to use. In this article, we review the current state of knowledge regarding insect marking, document the advantages and limitations of each marking technique, and discuss advances made in marking insects over the past decade.

Methods for Marking Insects: Current Techniques and Future Prospects

Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Insect-Plant RelationshipsInsecticidesAgricultural Labor Data SourcesProceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Insect-Plant RelationshipsThe Invertebrate Pests of Annual Food Crops in Central AmericaCooperative Plant Pest ReportBiocontrol AgentsAgromyzidae (Diptera) of Economic ImportanceA Catalog of the Diptera of America North of MexicoManual of Central American DipteraAgromyzidae (Diptera) of Economic Importance, by Kenneth A. SpencerGuide to Sources for Agricultural and Biological ResearchSnap Beans in the Developing WorldBiology and Management of Rice InsectsIntegrated Pest and Disease Management in Greenhouse CropsThe Potato CropAtlas en Couleur Ravageurs Des Végétaux D'ornementBean Production Problems in the TropicsCooperative Economic Insect ReportHost Specialization in the World Agromyzidae (Diptera)Investigations of the Economic Importance of Certain Liriomyza Species on Alfalfa in North and Central California (DipteraInterrelationship Between Insects and PlantsAgromyzidae (Diptera) of Economic ImportanceEcology of Agricultural PestsThe Biology, Post-embryonic Development, and Economic Importance of Cryptochaetum Iceryae (Diptera, Agromyzidae) Parasitic on Icerya Purchasi (Coccidae, Monophlebini).Bark and Wood Boring Insects in Living Trees in Europe, a

Agromyzidae (Diptera) of Economic Importance

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the viruses of invertebrates. The great majority of the viroses described among the invertebrates occur in the Insecta. In the Lepidoptera, newly found nuclear polyhedroses, intestinal cytoplasmic polyhedroses, and granuloses have been added to the list of inclusion body viroses. Most of the viral diseases described in the recent years in invertebrates belong to types of viroses already known. On the other hand, cases arise of types, which, because of their pathogenicity or viral characteristics, constitute groups that are not yet known among the invertebrates or even in the field of general virology. These new types are briefly mentioned. The chapter discusses insect virus inclusion bodies divided into three types: nuclear polyhedra, cytoplasmic polyhedra , and granules, a classification that takes into consideration the shape, the intracellular and tissue distribution, and the nature of the viruses they contain. Purification techniques of viruses are presented. The purification of virus suspensions has generally been achieved as the result of a trial-and-error approach, and with the exception of the viruses from polyhedroses and granuloses the purification of which has been codified; no scheme of separation useful for all viruses can be put forward. Nevertheless, repeated high- and low-speed centrifugation cycles constitute the most widely used method, purification usually being completed by the means of density-gradient centrifugation. The chapter discusses on the physicochemical properties and chemical analyses of insect viruses.

Viruses of invertebrates.

Digestion of Pollen Components by Larvae of the Flower-Specialist Bee Chelostoma florisomne (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Equations for the stopping boundaries, and operating characteristic (OC) and average sample number (ASN) functions, of Wald's sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) are presented for the binomial, negative binomial, normal, and Poisson distributions. The effects of errors in Wald's OC and ASN equations due to overshooting the decision boundaries, and errors due to truncating, postponing decisions beyond the first stage, and taking more than one observation at each stage of the decision process are discussed. Monte Carlo procedures are used to show that Wald's equations overestimate the true error probabilities and underestimate the true ASN for a two-decision sampling plan based on the negative binomial distribution. A Monte Carlo procedure for modifying the decision boundaries to yield actual OC and ASN functions approximately equal to the desired ones is presented. Monte Carlo procedures are also used to examine the errors in Wald's OC and ASN functions when used to describe the OC and ASN functions of a composite three-decision sampling plan based on two single SPRT's using the negative binomial distribution. Wald's equations, in general, overestimate the true error probabilities and underestimate the true ASN even more for the three-decision case compared with the two-decision case. Recommendations are given as to the seriousness of the errors inherent in Wald's equations in relation to all of the other errors that are associated with the sampling process, and the choice between Wald's and Monte Carlo OC and ASN functions to describe the properties of a sampling plan.

Sampling Plans in Insect Pest Management Based on Wald's Sequential Probability Ratio Test

Boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, were collected in 1978–1980 from grandlure-baited traps in the Lower Gulf Coast (LGe) and the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of southern Texas, and in northeastern Mexico (NEM). The weevils were dissected, and the midgut was removed and examined for the presence of pollen grains. Pollen grains representing 12 families of plants were found in boll weevils from the LRGV, 9 families of plants from the LGC, and 6 families of plants from NEM. The most frequently encountered pollen grains were from plants in the families Poaceae (grasses), Brassicaceae (mustards), and Asteraceae (sunflowers and daisies). Some ingested pollen grains could not be identified. In a separate no-choice study, boll weevils were caged on 22 species of plants during blooming to document pollen feeding. Twenty to 100% of the boll weevils caged on a plant species consumed pollen from that species. These data suggest that adult boll weevils in the field may consume pollen from a wide range of plant species; however, further studies are required to confirm this.

Pollens Ingested by Boll Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Southern Texas and Northeastern Mexico

Surfactants and oils are organic compounds possessing manifold properties and are added to insecticides to aid emulsification, dispersion, or solubility. The surfactants and oils include those compounds often designated as emulsifiers, solvents, co-solvents, carriers, stickers, spreaders, and other terms. Although surfactants and oils possess 1 or more of these properties, additional information is needed on their insecticidal properties. A comparative investigation of various surfactants, oils, and insecticides was initiated to (1) determine the insecticidal properties of various surfactants and oils against cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), a weevil, Sitophilus zea-mais (Motschulsky), red flour beetle, Tribolium castaeum (Herbst), and cowpea curculio, Chalcodermus aeneus Boheman under laboratory conditions; (2) show the effect of the volatile phase of petroleum oils on green peach aphid mortality; and (3) show the effect of various insecticides against cowpea curculio and cabbage aphids under laboratory conditions. Corey and Langford (1935), Dills and Menusan (1935), Dozier (1937), and Turner et al. (1951) evaluated various surfactants for insect mortality under laboratory conditions. Reihl et al. (1965) indicated significant kill of citrus red mite eggs from surfactants in various citrus spray oils.

Contact and Fumigant Toxicity of Oils, Surfactants, and Insecticides to Two Aphid and Three Beetle Species

As a result of a 3-fold experiment to evaluate damage by leaf miners and adult flea beetles, it was determined that the tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) varieties Oxheart and Pearson A had the least tobacco flea beetle, Epitrix hirtipennis (Melsheimer), feeding scars and Purdue 1361 and Red Top V9 had the most. Clark’s Early Special, Rio Grande, and Pearson VF6 had the least larval mines of the leaf miner Liriomyza munda Frick, and Garden State Improved and Oxheart had the most. Varieties with genetic marker genes for jointless pedicels had the least flea beetle feeding scars and those with xanthophyllic foliage and bushy stem had the most. Plants with the genetic marker genes for tangerine-orange flesh-colored fruit had the least leaf miner counts and narrow cotyledon and trifoliate leaved plants had the most leaf miner mine infestations. Plants in genetic markers of linkage group III had the fewest flea beetle feeding scar counts and plants in genetic markers of VIII, I, and II had the most. Linkage groups I, II, III, and VII had the fewest leaf miner infestations while X, VIII, and VI had the most.

Leaf miner mine and flea beetle feeding scar damage per plant is proposed for tomato varieties. The data were based on an average of 1.1 cm2 and 0.8 mm2 damage to each leaf by a leaf miner larval mine and an adult flea beetle feeding scar. Proposed number of leaf mines and flea beetle feeding scars to destroy 50% of the plant was 640 leaf mines and 8000 flea beetle feeding scars for plants averaging 40 leaves per plant.

http://jee.oxfordjournals.org/content/jee/59/1/65.full.pdf

Variations in Leaf Miner and Flea Beetle Injury in Tomato Varieties

Enhanced Toxicity of Carbaryl When Combined with Synergists Against Larvae of the Bollworm and the Tobacco Budworm

Several experiments were performed to evaluate oils and surfactants for control of turnip aphid, Rhopalosiphum pseudo-brassicae (Davis) and cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) during the 1962-63 season. Oils evaluated included fractions of conventional naphthenic and paraffinic oils and alkylate isoparaffinic oils and special paraffinic oils. The paraffinic oils were superior to all other oil fractions for control of both aphid species. The surfactants and oils, at the rates evaluated were, in general, equal in effectiveness. A combination of surfactants and oils with insecticides increases initial and residual control of turnip aphids and cabbage aphids.

Oils and Surfactants Alone, and Insecticide-Oil Combinations for Aphid Control on Turnips and Cabbage

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